Unit 3 & 4

7 diatomic elements

Bromine (Br), iodine (I), nitrogen (N), (Cl) chlorine, hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), fluorine (F),

characteristics of metals

lose electrons when they react (oxidize), low specific heat capacity

characteristics of nonmetals

most gases at room temp, poor conductors, solid nonmetals are brittle (besides solid carbon, diamond), gain or share electrons when they react.

characteristics of metalloids

lustrous, brittle, semiconductive

group/family

vertical column

period

horizontal row

alkali metals characteristics

1 valence electron, react violently w/ water, resulting solution is basic, 1+ when forming ions

alkaline earth metals (group 2A)

also form basic solution when added to water, two valence electrons, 2+ when ions form

transition metals(d-block metals)

MOM(metals w/ multiple charges) ions except for zinc, cadmium, and silver

Halogens (group 17, 7A)

All have 7 valence electrons, become 1- charge when form ions, fluorine is the most reactive halogen

Noble gases/inert(nonreactive) gases (group 18, 8A)

All 8 valence electrons except for He (2 valence)

Inner transition metals (f-block)

first row is lanthanide series, second is actinide (radioactive) series

only liquid elements at room temp

mercury (metal) and bromine (halogen)

solids at room temp

all metalloids, iodine, iodine, sulfur, phosphorous, selenium, and carbon (solid nonmetals)

order of blocks

s, d,p, f (inner transition)

what elements are "losers" of electrons

metals

what elements gain electrons

nonmetals

Why don't noble gases become ions

tendency to covalent, not ionic bonds

Which transition metals don't have MOM ions

cadmium, zinc, silver

zinc and cadmium

2+

silver

1+

(% abund. \* mass)+(% abund. \* mass)

aam, x+y=1

1 cal =

4\.184 J

specific heat of water

4\.184 J

specific heat

Q = mcAt

vaporization/fusion equations

q= mol\*H

make ____ when condensing and freezing

negative

fusion equation when

melting, freezing

vaporization equation when

vaporization, condensation

solid → gas

sublimation

gas → solid

deposition

heat transfer equation

\-mcat = mcat (losing heat=gaining heat)

Rutherford model of atom

nuclear model

millikan discovery

charge of electron

jj thompson atom model

plum pudding

who discovered electrons

jj thompson

half life amount remaining

init amt \* 1/2^n

order of ion charges on right

\+3, +-4, -3, -2, -1, 0

speed, wavelength, frequency equation

c=wv

electromagnetic radiation speed

3\.00 \* 10^8 m/s

calc energy at any frequency

E =hv (h=3.00 \* 10^18)

Bohr’s Model

planetary

s orbital

spherical

d & f orbitals

complex

p-orbital

dumbbell

start from lowest energy orbital

Aufbau

No two electrons can have same spin

Pauli

each orbital must be occupied by one electron before a second electron

Hund’s

increases when going up and right

EA, EN, NR, IE

increases when down and left

AR, MR

shielding increases

when you move down the group

order

energy level, sublevel, orientation, spin

which periodic trends don’t apply to noble gases?

EN, EA, NR

Planck’s constant

6\.626 \* 10^-34 Js