Bio chemistry of life

what is the basic unit of life?

atom

3 subatomic particles of an atom?

protons, neutrons and electrons

isotope - different number of protons or neutrons

neutrons, different number of protons would make another element

what is special about carbon?

carbon can form four covalent bonds, allowing it to create a diverse range of organic compounds essential for life.

HONC?

hydrogen 1, oxygen 2, nitrogen 3, carbon 4

ionic bond vs covalent bond

ionic bond is when electrons transfer to a different atom and covalent bond is when electrons are shared between between atoms

what is special about water

water sustains life, its diversity as a solvent allows it to sustain life

bonds found in water?

cohesion & adhesion, hydrogen bonds - oxygen = negative & hydrogen = positive

properties of water?

it is a diverse solvent

it expands when it freezes

its ability is to maintain temperature

adhesion & cohesion

macromolecules?

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins & nucleic acids

monomer and polymer

a monomer is a single building block that can connect with other blocks. A polymer is a large chain-like molecule made up of many of these smaller building blocks (monomers) linked together.

carbohydrates

lipids

proteins

nucleic acids

sugars

fatty acids

amino acids

nucleotides

carbohydrates examples and its function

main source of energy, starch, maltose, glucose

lipids examples and its function

store energy, unsaturated fats, saturated fats and polyunsaturated fats

proteins examples and its function

many functions, speeds up processes (enzymes), regulate cell processes, transport.. meats and eggs

nucelic acid and its function and examples

genetic information, DNA & RNA

how are polymers made?

polymerization, dehydration synthesis, water is taken out

how are polymers broken down?

with hydrolysis (adding water)

what are different types of proteins?

enzymes, regulatory, transport, structural, defense

how does the sequence of amino acids in a protein determine its shape?

the different amino acids have different r groups, so the final shape of the protein will be different because of all of the r groups

what are the properties of amino acids that help proteins fold?

hydrophobic & hydrophilic properties help proteins fold

why is it important that proteins are typically found surrounded by water?

Hydrophilic amino acids will be on the outside and hydrophobic ones will be on the inside. It affects the shape. 

What are enzymes?

Enzymes are proteins that speed up chemical reactions.

How are enzymes named?

They usually end in -ase, and the first part of the name is related to what the enzyme does - ex. Lactase breaks down lactose

Where does the substrate bind to an enzyme?

At the active site

How do enzymes react to temp and pH

They will denature, and not work

Example of an enzyme and its activity

Lactase - breaks down lactose into glucose and galactose

Why would someone consume lactase?

If the person is unable to make lactase themselves, they will take lactase so they can eat lactose

Why did we use yeast to detect lactase activity

If the lactose was broken down into glucose and galactose, the yeast would be activated by the glucose (sugar). We would know there was lactase, since the yeast wouldn't have been activated without the glucose.

What type of bond is found between amino acids in a polypeptide

Peptide bonds

Indicators?

1. Benedicts - monosaccharides

2. Iodine - starch

3. Beirut - protein

4. Sudan - lipids

What type of macromolecule is ATP?

Nucleic acid