HIstory 1301 1a-3b

prof: chad tomaselli @ grayson co college

amnt of Native Americans on now US territory prior to european contact

amnt of Native Americans on now US territory prior to european contact

2m-18m

wide range due to natives using oral tradition over written records

government structures present in both Europe and Native Nations

monarchies, empires, etc.

reason europe naming system of native groups was flawed

europeans group together all natives who spoke the same language, when there were many divisions within one language group

Iroquois Confederacy (1500-1780)

loose union of 5 different Iroquois speaking groups that served as buffer state between french and english

• choose wrong sides and lost significance at end of american revolution

most common outcome for natives after colonization

death and disease; 90% died between 1500 and 1650

leading countries in exploration

spain, portugal, france, netherlands/dutch, england

meanings of Gold in 3 G’s

1. mineral gold that was stolen/mined

2. wealth through cultivation of resources others gave gold for

meaning of Glory in 3 G’s

honor/respect for country, self, monarchy, and/or faith by attaining power or prestige

meaning of God in 3 G’s

1. travel to escape religious persecution

2. travel for missionary work (mostly catholic and unsuccesful)

royal colony meaning

colony under charge of British gov.

• every other country only had royal colonies (new spain, new france, etc.)

• focus on gold over God/glory

charter colony meaning

colony operated by a company (for day to day) but still technically under British gov

• focus on gold over God/glory

proprietary colony meaning

founded and ran by a single person or small group w/out british influence

• usually focus on God over glory/gold

Roanoke Island, Virginia Colony (1586-87, 1590)

colony established that was left then visited two years later and every colonist disapeared with no trace, more settlers dropped, visited 3 years later, no people again just “croatan” carved into a tree

• first english colony and overall failure

• proprietary founded by Sir Walter Raleigh

• motivated by gold

Jamestown, Virginia Colony (estab 1607)

• charter colony motivated by gold

• very problematic until proper leadership, innovation, and funding

five problems of Jamestown

1. swamp land

2. people chosen were unfit for wilderness survival

3. bad leadership

4. plan fro food was trading not farming

5. too high of reliance on supply ships (unreliable)

John Smith

lead Jamestown 1607-09

• “dont work, dont eat”

• exagerated relationship with Pocahantes

The Starving Time @ Jamestown

winter of 1609/10, supply ships arrived late or crashed

• settlers ate leather, animals, feces and MAYBE humans

• 500→ 60 settlers

• wanted to leave but forced to stay bc of contract

John Rolfe

lead Jamestown 1610-1615

• planted new strand of tobacco that was less harsh (seeds from spain)

• figured out how to cure (dry) tobacco so it could be transported on ship

significance of tobacco @ jamestown

1. saved colony from collapse by creating first cash crop in New World, gold/wealth attained!
   

2. failure of jamestown wouldve lead to England slowing down or stopping colonization

Bacon’s Rebellion (1675-77)

rebellion led by Nathaniel Bacon against the government b/c gov and William Berkley wouldn’t let him attack Natives as result of an extended conflict between Doeg People and a farmer

significance of bacon’s rebellion

b/c Bacon promised freedom to slaves, Virginia created the first slave codes in 13 colonies (served as base for future slave laws)

Pilgrims (or Separatists)

Massachusetts group that founded proprietary colony to separate from church of england

Puritans or “Non Separatists”

Massachusetts group that sought to reform church of england by removing Catholic influence by building a perfect “City on a Hill”

Plymouth Colony (1620-1691) (Pilgrims)

propriety colony known for writing Mayflower Compact and having the so-called “first” thanksgiving

significance of Mayflower Compact

first expression of self government in the New World

Massachusetts Bay Colony (1630-1776) (Puritans)

large (1k-20k) proprietary colony founded on strict Puritan values that endured Salem Witch Trials, King Phillip’s War with Metacomet/Natives

• significance: earliest identifiable separate “american” identity

Salem Witch Trials (1692-93)

incident of mass hysteria leading to 200 women accused of witchcraft, 19 women and 1 man executed, and only being stopped by governor when his wife was accused

4 Puritan Ideals

1. Education (so everyone can read the bible)

2. Work Ethic (find calling, work hard, thrift and prosper to God’s glory)

3. Individualism ( faith is each person’s own)

4. Separation of Church and State

King Phillip’ s War (1675-78)

• war between 5 native nations led by Metacomet (aka King P.) and colonists

• colonists won but 10% military age men died, settler econ destroyed, ½ all settlements attacked

significance of King Phillip’s War

1. Metacomet’s nations were either killed or sold into slavery; exterminated

2. broke puritan power over colony and led to it becoming a royal colony in 1680

three reasons for switch fro IS to African Chattel Slavery

1. corruption of indent. servitude led to percetion of servants as chattel

2. need for larger pool of cheap labor for tobacco boom

3. racism proved the driving force long term ( white IS to African slaves

Triangle Trade System

trade system not exclusive to slavery where europe→ finished goods→ africa→ slaves→ americas→ cotton/ tobacco

• 11-12m slaves transported 1519-1867

Middle Passage

section of TTS between Africa and the Americas

• brutal, 2m deaths (15% total)

Mercantilism

an economic idea where the state has extreme control of the economy that was instituted through the navigation acts

three principles of mercantalism

1. nation is self-sufficient

2. favorable balance of trade

3. total monopoly w/in own empire

enumerated commodities

products England only allowed to be traded within their empire

• tobacco, sugar, cotton, indigo

• more profitable the product, more rules on sales

Woolen’s Act (1699)

stated all raw materials in colonies would be processed in England

• finish product cost more money, so Eng should get to buy raw

Enforcement and Salutary Neglect (1660s -1760s)

refers to how Eng rules were in place but not enforced in colonies, so an eventual enforcement led to root of rebellion causing American rev

causes of French and Indian War

• land, resources

• colonial westward expansion

• Ohio Country

William Pitt, the elder

unofficial leader in british parliament

• similar to modern prime minister

• influenced Blue Water policy

Blue Water Policy

• British focused on fighting france everywhere except Europe

• brits decided not to worry about expenses until war is over

Treaty of Paris (1763)

ended french and indian war, ended 7 years war

• victory for british colonists b/c france kicked out of North America

ways west was defended after F and I war

• Proclamation of 1763

• Pontiac’s Rebellion