BIOL 1406 Exam 3 Review

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What are the parts of a nucleotide?

Nitrogen base, 5-carbon sugar, & phosphate group 

Transcription of a DNA molecule with a nucleotide sequence of AAA-CAA-CTT results in
an mRNA molecule with the complementary sequence of _________

UUU-GUU-GAA

What happens during translation?

Synthesis of proteins under direction of RNA (Translation is the process where a ribosome reads mRNA and builds a protein.) 

During which stage of meiosis does crossing-over occur?

Prophase 1 in meiosis

Why is crossing-over important?

Increases genetic variation (4 genetically unique gametes)

A(n) _____ is a group of three bases on tRNA that is complementary to a specific mRNA
codon.

anticodon

If a DNA sample contains 37% adenine, what percentage of the sample contains cytosine?

13% Cytosine

-37% adenine + 37% thymine = 74%

-26% remaining

-26/2 =13%

The offspring of a monohybrid testcross could have what possible genotype(s)?

Aa & aa

If two parents have blood genotypes IA & IB, what blood genotypes are possible in their
children?

Type A, B, and AB blood

If a pea plant shows a recessive phenotype, what has to be the genotype?

2 lowercase letters (tt)

What is the sequence of events in translation?

Initiation, elongation, termination

How much genetic material do specialized cells of multicellular organisms have compared to
less specialized cells?

specialized & less specialized cells have the same amount of genetic material.

During DNA replication, the enzyme _____ catalyzes the elongation of new DNA strands.

DNA polymerase

What occurs during interphase?

G1 phase, S phase, G2 phase

1.) cell grows 

2.) DNA replicated (double stranded) 

3.) cell keeps growing + final checks before cell division

What are the structures of an operon?

operator, promoter, RNA polymerase, repressor, and/or activator

What are frameshift mutations?

insertion or deletion mutation which shifts the way the gene is read 

(ATA GTC CAG —→ AAT AGT CCA)

How many of the daughter cells resulting from meiosis become functional gametes?

4 daughter cells

In the lac operon, if lactose is present, what occurs?

Creates the lactase protein

How many chromosomes of each type are present in our somatic cells?

2 chromosomes

What are alleles?

alternative versions of the same gene

During which stage of meiosis do the homologous chromosomes separate?

Anaphase I

If a sperm cell contains 8 chromosomes, it comes from an animal whose regular body cells
have _____ chromosomes.

16 chromosomes

What are the functions of mitosis?

growth, repair, asexual reproduction, maintenance 

The level of genetic control that involves the life span of the mRNA molecule and the ability
of the mRNA to bind to ribosomes is _____ control.

translational control 

Active genes in eukaryotic cells are associated with what type of chromatin?

Euchromatin 

If a parent cell has 48 chromosomes, how many chromosomes will each daughter cell have
after mitosis and cytokinesis occurs?

48 chromosomes

What is the sequence of mitosis?

Prophase, Pro-Metaphase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase (PMAT) 

What are the phenotypic ratios produced in a dihybrid cross?

9,3,3,1

What level of genetic control involves the processing of early RNA transcripts to mRNA and the rate at which mRNA leaves the nucleus?

post-transcriptional control

What occurs in anaphase?

sister chromatids separate & move to opposite sides of the cell 

The DNA of a eukaryote is wrapped around _________molecules to form a "beaded string."

Histone

How does transcription start?

Transcription starts when RNA polymerase binds to the promoter on the DNA.

How are daughter chromosomes formed?

Daughter chromosomes are formed when sister chromatids separate during anaphase.

Why is DNA replication considered semiconservative?

Uses an original strand template to create a new strand (1 part old & 1 part new strand) 

Which stage is most associated with a cell that is unable to divide again, such as a muscle or
nerve cell?

The G0 phase