Deindustrialization

Define

Deindustrialization is when companies move industrial jobs to other regions

Example

Great Lakes

The manufacturing belt in the Great Lakes region turned to the rust belt as secondary industrial activity was moved to the Sunbelt and Northwest

Deindustrialization in the Great Lakes regions happened because of

• cheaper labor in the South (less skilled workers or less strong unions)

• looser labor and environmental regulations in the South

• decreased global demand for goods (Marshall Plan - as other places industrialized, U.S. factories shut down because they weren’t needed)

  • Europe, SE Asia, E Asia, Japan, China, Singapore, Taiwan, S. Korea

• more machines in the G.L. region leading to less need for workers

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HfASWPpeZLE

Youngstown

Deindustrialization also occurred in Youngstown, Ohio

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IKuGNt1w0tA

After the steel mill closed in the 1970s, it turned into a brownfield

• abandoned homes

• 80% pop decrease

• lost 40,000 jobs

• 1/4 of Idora neighborhood vacant

• 137 homes there demolished

• 8.8% unemployment

• $30k homes

In turn, Youngstown redeveloped

• rebuilt as a college town

  • switch to tertiary activity

• attract tech startup

• 400 new jobs

• 3D printing

Effects

The deindustrialized region switches to tertiary economic activities, works through unemployment, and may see brownfields

However, new industrial belts are created

Brownfields are sites of abandoned factories and vacant resident homes

• old, torn down, vacant, residents lose jobs and move, environmental concerns, new people move in → crime

Locational Criteria

388-394 in textbook

• Site features

  • Land

  • Labor

  • Capital

• Situation features

  • In relation to other places

• Variable costs

  • Energy

  • Transportation

  • Resources

  • Friction of distance: increased distance = increased time and costs

Industrialization’s heath was in Great Britain because of locational criteria

• rivers, port city, ocean access, coal, highways

• regional/global trade, colony resources

• high wages incentivized the switch to machines

Weber’s Least Cost Theory

Costs

Transportation - the lowest possible cost of:

• raw materials to the factory

• finished products to the market

Labor

• high labor reduces profits, so a factory might do better with cheap labor

Agglomeration

• shared talents, services, and facilities

Bulk Gaining

The finished product weighs more than resources (beer, computers)

Because the resources are lighter, they are cheaper to transport and the finished product will be more expensive to transport

The factory will be closer to the market than the resources so the heavy finished products don’t have to travel far

Bulk Reducing

The finished product weighs less than resources (copper, paper)

Because the finished products are lighter, they are cheaper to transport and the resources will be more expensive to transport

The factory will be closer to the resources than the market so the heavy resources don’t have to travel far

Economic Sectors

Primary

Getting raw materials

• Growing chickens, planting trees, fishing, lumber, coal mining

Secondary

Processing raw materials into finished products

• Manufacturing, construction, processing

Tertiary

Activities or services that move, sell, or trade products

• Retain and wholesale trade, bank teller, carpet cleaners, fast food workers, teachers, urban planners, hairdressers

• Producer- services performed for corporations

  • Finance, insurance, real estate, legal, accounting

• Consumer- services performed for individuals

  • Entertainment, tourism, restaurants, education, health care

Geography based on market access rather than energy

Quaternary

Information creation and transfer (a subset of tertiary)

• information, research, management investment analysts, university reseachesers

Quinary

Highest level of decision-making (a subset of tertiary)

• legislative, presidential cabinet, high-level government work

Tourism

• Tourism- travel taken for recreation rather than business.

  • Most important tertiary activity

  • World’s largest private industry in jobs and total value generated.

    • 10 % world’s GDP

    • Half of world’s poorest 50 countries, leading service export sector.

Labor Force

Other Resources

Chapter 11 Vocab

https://knowt.io/flashcards/057d1997-e7fc-4572-8d17-261f4d72dec6

Previously Released FRQs

2019 Set 2 Question 1 - Deindustrialization

Prompt Page 2

https://apcentral.collegeboard.org/media/pdf/ap19-frq-human-geography-set-2.pdf

Rubric Pages 2-3

https://apcentral.collegeboard.org/media/pdf/ap19-sg-human-geography-set-2_1.pdf

2016 Question 1 - Development and Economic Sectors

Prompt Page 2

https://secure-media.collegeboard.org/digitalServices/pdf/ap/ap16_frq_human_geography.pdf

Rubric Pages 2-3

https://secure-media.collegeboard.org/digitalServices/pdf/ap/ap16_human_geography_sg.pdf

2013 Question 1 - Agglomeration

Prompt Page 2

https://secure-media.collegeboard.org/digitalServices/pdf/ap/apcentral/ap13_frq_human_geography.pdf

Rubric Pages 2-3

https://secure-media.collegeboard.org/digitalServices/pdf/ap/apcentral/ap13_human_geography_scoring_guidelines.pdf