Unit 1 AP Psych

Psychology

The study of human behavior and mental processes.

Dualism

The belief that the mind and body are separate, as proposed by Plato.

Empiricism

The theory that knowledge comes from experience, as suggested by Aristotle.

Buddhism

1. Eastern Philosophy

2. A philosophy emphasizing that self-awareness and perceptions shape happiness.

Confucianism

1. Eastern Philosophy

2. A belief that intelligence can be measured as a tool.

Taoism

1. Eastern Philosophy

2. A philosophy advocating that the mind should work with the body to achieve self cultivation

Margret Floy Washburn

The first woman to earn a PhD in psychology.

Mary Whiton Calkins

The first female PhD at Harvard University.

Psychodynamics

1. The first rival field

2. Sigmund Freud wrote that our unconscious mind shapes our thoughts and actions

3. Psychoanalysis explored the impact of unconscious memories

4. The Neo-Freudians belief: childhood trauma shapes feelings of inadequacy in adults 

5. Involves dream analysis, hypothesis, and psychoanalysis (Freud used all)

Behaviorism

1. The second rival field

2. The Behaviorists argued that psychology should be an objective science

3. The experiments and research they conducted focused on observable behaviors

4. Ivan Pavlov, John Watson, and BF skinner created various learning modules

5. Very much science based - leading them to be quite boring

Humanism

1. The third rival field

2. Carl Rogers (the one who created humanism): a person-centered approach helps individuals in therapeutic settings

3. Abraham Maslow: a set of needs must be met to achieve inner potential

4. The Humanists focused on personal growth, motivation, and self-worth

Cognitive and Biological

1. Behaviors are shaped by internal processes like memories, emotions, and intelligence

2. Field of neurobiology studies the brain and our biochemistry

3. Cognitive neuroscience studies impact of biological factors on our mental processes

Evolutionary and Socio-Cultural

1. Natural Selection argues that genetic mutations lead to traits that are passed down

2. Environmental factors like religion, language, family, and diet shape our how we view our world

3. Our environment and genetics shapes both are behavior and internal processes

Nature-Nurture Debate

What impacts our behavior more, genes or environment?

Biopsychosocial Approach

A model that considers biological, psychological, and social factors in understanding behavior.

Basic Psychology

1. Uses scientific research to expand the field of psychology

2. Psychometrics - scientific study of the measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits

3. Professions - neurobiology development, cognitive, educational, personality, and social

Applied Psychology

1. Uses psychology to solve practical problems

2. Majority of psychologists conduct applied research

3. Professions - community, industrial/organizational, huma factor, counseling, clinical, psychiatrists, and positive

The Greek Philosophy argument

Argument surrounding Plato’s beliefs (dualism and inborn) against Aristotle’s beliefs (empiricism)

Inbron

A theory stating that knowledge is inmate

Rene Desacartes

1. Enlightenment Philosophy

2. The Christian idea of dualism is explained via philosophy and physiology

John Locke

1. Enlightenment Philosophy

2. The mind is a tabula rasa or a blank state at Birth

Francis Bacon

1. Enlightenment Philosophy

2. Natural Phenomenon is understood through the scientific method (Modern Empiricism)

Structuralism

1. Germany 1879: William Wundt opened the first psychology lab

2. Edward Titchener used introspection or self analysis to explain consciousness

3. Structuralism focused on what are the various mental emotional processes

Functionalism

1. William James authors the first psychology textbook

2. G. Stanley Hall was the 1st president of the American Psychological Association

3. Functionalism focuses on why the environment impacts consciousness

Women in Psychology

Played a large role in psychology’s early development

Psychologists

how can behavior be observed, explained, and predicted

Levels of analysis

1. Offer complementary outlooks

2. Biological, Psychological, and Socio-cultural

Testing Effect

Repeated self-testing and rehearsal of previously studied material best helps one learn and remember

SQ3R

1. Study Method

2. Stands for Survey/Skim, Question, Read, Recite/Retrieve (main ideas), and Review

Clinical Psychology

Studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders

Educational Psychology

A type of psychology that studies how we learn and retain knowledge.

Counseling Psychology

A type of psychology that focuses on mental health issues and challenges faced by individuals across their lifespan.

Developmental Psychology

Study of how and why humans grow, change, and adapt across the course of their lives.

Experimental Psychology

Scientific study of learning, memory, and cognition in humans and animals

Industrial/Organizational Psychology

A type of psychology that focuses on individual, group and organizational dynamics in the workplace.

Personality Psychology

Personality psychology is a branch of psychology that examines personality and its variation among individuals

Psychometric Psychology

The field in psychology devoted to testing, measurement, assessment and related activities

Social Psychology

A type of psychology that studies our minds and behavior with other people.

Positive Psychology

the scientific study of what contributes to a life of meaning, purpose, and well-being.

Community Psychology

Works to create social and physical environments that are healthy for all

Psychiatry

Branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders

Psychodynamic

1. One of the 7 perspectives

2. Unconscious memories

3. *Childhood traumas

Cognitive

1. One of the 7 perspectives

2. Internal thoughts

3. Emotions

4. *Memories

Behavioral

1. One of the 7 perspectives

2. Learned and observable responses

Humanistic

1. One of the 7 perspectives

2. goal and motivations

Biological

1. One of the 7 perspectives

2. Brain

3. Biochemistry

Socio-Cultural

1. One of the 7 perspectives

2. Environmental influences

Evolutionary

1. One of the 7 perspectives

2. Genetics

3. Natural Selection

Stanley Milgram

Experimented with responses to authority using an electroshocking machine

William James

The first educator to offer psychology as a course; studied pragmatism and free will.

Elizabeth Loftus

Specializes in the study of memory especially constructed and recovered memories

Alfred Adler

Neo-Freudian who examined the role of inferiority complex

Stanley Hall

One of the early pioneers of American psychology; childhood and evolutionary psychologist

Abraham Maslow

Humanistic psychologist; devised the hierarchy or pyramid of needs

Carl Jung

Student of Freud; developed the notion of the collective unconscious

Paul Broca

Studied neurobiology and parts of the brain.

Phillip Zimbardo

Professor who devised the infamous Stanford Prison Experiment on role playing

Erik Erikson

Developmental psychologist; divided a lifetime into different stages based on various crisis

Alfred Binet

Developed one of the first standardized intelligence tests.

Harry Harlow

Used monkeys to study the value of attachment in infancy and early childhood

Jean Piaget

Studied early childhood cognitive development

Solomon Asch

Developed a conformity test to determine whether or not a person will knowingly provide a wrong answer if everyone else does

Charles Darwin

The father of evolutionary theory; survival of the fittest; natural selection

Carol Dweck

Author of Mindset, a book about motivation and positive cognition

BF Skinner

Behaviorist psychology; operant conditioning in mice.

Dorothea Dix

Early female advocate for the treatment of people in mental institutions

Noam Chomsky

A cognitive theorist who is famous for his studies on language

Albert Bandura

Studied observational learning/conditioning in children through the Bobo Doll experiment

Howard Gardner

Developed the theory of multiple intelligences; based it on eight criteria 

John Watson

Studied classical conditioning and the development of phobias; Baby Albert Study

Ivan Pavlov

Studied classical conditioning in dogs.