Ch 22 bacteria and archaea (prokaryotes)

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96 Terms

1

describe prokaryotes :

first organisms on earth 3.5-3.8 BYA

ubiquitous

live on and in every other living organisms

most harmless and essential to all life

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2

anoxic

no molecular oxygen

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3

what organisms lived in the ancient atmosphere?

anerobic organisms

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4

phototrophs

autotrophic organisms that convert solar energy into chemical energy

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5

cyanobacteria

blue-green algae that evolved from simple phototrophs

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6

what began oxygenation of the atmosphere?

ancestral cyanobacteria

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7

what allowed the evolution of other life forms in the ancient atmosphere?

increase in O2 concentrations

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8

what is the most abundant photosynthetic organism on Earth?

marine cyanobacteria, Prochlrococcus

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9

extremophiles

adapted to grow under extreme conditions

deep see vent, heat, dry, cold, radiation

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10

what are deinococcus radiodurans ?

prokaryotes that tolerate very high doses of ionizing radiation and heat

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11

dead sea

hypersaline basin that is 10x saltier with 40x more magnesium than sea water

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12

halophiles

prokaryotes that live in the dead sea that have divalent cations, are acidic, and have intense solar radiation

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13

who discovered the techniques for pure culture including staining and growth media?

Robert Koch

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14

culture medium

contains all the nutrients needed by the target microorganism and can be liquid(broth) or solid (agar)

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15

what should there be after an incubation time at right temp in a culture medium?

evidence of microbial growth

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16

pure culture

lab culture containing a single species of microorganism

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17

what should agar of a person with strep look and why?

the agar should be clear bc strep lyses the red blood cells

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18

colony

a visible mass of microorganisms originating from a single mother cell

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19

incubation

maintaining controlled environmental conditions for the growth of bacteria

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20

are prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells smaller?

prokaryotic cells

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21

predominantly single-celled organisms of the domains bacteria and archaea are classified as…

prokaryotes

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22

what 4 common structures do all cells have?

plasma membrane

cytoplasm

ds DNA genome

ribosomes

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23

plasma membrane function

fxns as a barrier for the cell and separates cell from environment

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24

cytoplasm

complex sol’n of organic molecules and salts inside cell

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25

ds DNA genome

informational archive of the cell

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26

ribosomes

sites of protein synthesis

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27

pro and karyon mean?

before and nucleus

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28

eu and karyon mean?

true and nucleus

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29

what are the 3 main categories of shapes for prokaryotes?

cocci

bacilli

spirilli

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30

cocci

spherical/round

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31

bacilli

rod-shaped

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32

spirilli

spiral-shaped

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33

what can prokaryotes occur in when speaking of terms of shape?

pairs

chains

tetrads

clusters

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34

what do prokaryotes not have in their structure?

membrane-bound organelles

nucleus (DNA in nucleoid)

microtubules

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35

microtubules

mechanical support for cell division and movement

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36

nuceloid region

region that contains DNA

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37

plasmids

extra chromosomal DNA

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38

pili

help w/attatchment

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39

flagellum

help w/movement

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40

what do the capsule, cell membrane, and cell wall do/ where are they?

capsule -outer

cell membrane-innermost

cell wall- middle and give structural support to protect from lysis

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41

what features aren’t found in all prokaryotes?

flagella, capsules, and pili

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42

is archaea closer related to eukarya or bacteria?

eukarya

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43

what are the gram negative bacteria?

proteobacteria

chlamydias

spirochetes

cyanobacteria

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44

what are eukaryotic mitochondria thought to be derived from?

proteobacteria

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45

proteobacteria

includes N-fixing bacteria and common gastrointestinal pathogens like food poisoning

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46

what are examples of proteobacteria?

escherichia coli

salmonella(food poisoning)

vibrio cholerae (diarrheal illness)

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47

chlamydia

all are endoparasites (live w/in animal cells)

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48

what does chlamydia cause?

eye infection or pneumonia in children of infected women

pelvic inflammatory disease, leads to infertility

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49

what is chlamydia preventable or curable by?

antibiotics

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50

spirochetes

spiral shape and free-living that include disease-causing pathogens

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51

what an example of a spirochete ?

syphilis (STD)

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52

what is the causative agent of syphilis?

traponema pallidum

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53

what is another example of a spirochete?

lyme disease which is fever and skin rash

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54

what bacteria causes lyme disease?

Borrelia burgdorferi

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55

vector

carry a disease from an infected animal to another who is uninfected

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56

cyanobacteria

plant-like, O2 generating photosynthesis and some are N-fixers

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57

N-fixers

convert nitrogen gas N2 to ammonia NH3

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58

heterocyst

specialized nitrogen fixing cells that fix nitrogen that is used for growth of cyanobacteria

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59

what does cyanobacteria do to make toxins ?

blooms

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60

gram-positive bacteria

include decomposers in soils and pathogens

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61

what an example of gram-positive bacteria?

Bacillus anthracis

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62

decomposers

break down dead organic material in the soil into CO2, H2O, nitrogen, phosphorus

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63

what do tetanus shots protect us from?

Clostridium tetani

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64

what is MRSA resistant to?

meticicllin which is spread by skin to skin contact

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65

what causes skin infection?

staphylococcus areus

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66

what does streptococcus cause?

strep throat and scarlet fever

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67

what does the domain archaea include ?

extremophiles and methanogens, but they may live in normal conditions

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68

are there any human disease causing archaeans ?

no

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69

methanogens produce what?

methane CH4 as a by product of anaerobic respiration

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70

what does the prokaryotic plasma membrane do?

controls what goes in and out of the cell

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71

selectively permeable

keeps ions, proteins, and other molecules w/in cell preventing diffusion into extra cellular environment

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72

what’s the structure of the plasma membrane ?

phospholipid bliayer composed of 2 layers of lipid molecules

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73

bacterial membrane

fatty acids linked to glycerol

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74

arcaheal membrane

branched isoprene chains linked to glycerol

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75

what are the 2 differences between a phospholipid from archaea vs one from bacteria and eukarya?

archaea have an ether linkage while bacteria and eukarya have an ester linkage

archeas is joined tg bacteria and eukarya is not

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76

what does gram strain reflect ?

cell wall type

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77

gram +(pos.) bacteria

bacteria w/thick peptidoglycan layer

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78

what does gram + bacteria stain?

purple

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79

gram stain

based on differences in cell wall and structure of bacteria

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80

who invented gram stain and when did they?

Hans Christian Gram in 1882

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81

what percent of the wall is peptidoglycan and what is the leftover made of in gram + bacteria ?

90 and the leftover is Teichoic acid

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82

gram -(neg.) bacteria

bacteria w/thinner peptidoglycan plus an outer lipopolysaccharide bilayer membrane

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83

what are characteristics of the lipopolysaccharide layer?

it is toxic, resists drugs, and immune system

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84

what does gram + bacteria stain?

pink

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85

how much of the cell wall is peptidoglycan in gram - bacteria?

10%

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86

what is a gram - bacteria?

safranin which is pink

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87

what is a characteristic describe the prokaryote structure?

many have a capsule or slime layer

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88

do prokaryotes secrete sticky carbs & proteins out cell wall ?

yes

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89

what do prokaryotes glue tg or glue to?

they glue tg cells or to the surface

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90

what do prokaryotes resist ?

attack from immune system

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91

what do prokaryotes hold in?

moisture

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92

what is significant abt nostoc filaments?

they are held tg by slime and make a easily visible mass

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93

what are all hairlike structures of prokaryotes and what do they do?

flagellum (multiple flagella) that act as an organelle for motility and extension

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94

fimbriae

hair-like protein that are short pilli which help cells stick to surfaces and each other

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95

what can prokaryotes form?

a sex pillus which is a mating bridge for a type of HGT

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96

pili

pull 2 bacteria cells tg for DNA transfer (conjugation)

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