AP Study Guide - Part 1

Mercantilism

________ is the economic concept of having more exports than imports.

Bossuet

________ helped to prolong the continuation of divine right absolutism and monarchy in Europe.

Martin Luther

________ was a monk, professor, and even studied law at one point.

Reconquista’s goal

The ________ was to take back the Iberian peninsula from the Moors by the Spanish.

Joseph II

________ was a big supporter of the Enlightenment and tried to free the people from serfdom.

de Medici family

The ________ was one of the most powerful and influential groups in European history, wool merchants and bankers They innovated new banking systems, and funded the arts and humanism.

Wollstonecraft

________ was similar to Christine de Pizan, because she advocated for education for women.

Commercial Revolution

The ________ started in the 11th century, and Europe became connected to the rest of the world.

Florence

________ constructed many buildings to support Renaissance ideals such as libraries, churches and academies and paid prominent artists to decorate it.

Edict of Restitution

The ________ was passed, which allowed Catholics to reclaim their monasteries and land that were seized by Protestants.

Council of Trent

The ________ was a successful attempt to bring people who were on the fence about converting to Lutheranism back to Catholicism.

Black Plague

The ________ was spread through small animals, like fleas and rats, and it was able to spread so quickly because of the lack of hygiene in Europe at the time.

Du Pont

________ was a supporter of free trade.

Spanish conquistadors

________ helped to conquer the Aztec and Incan Empires, in order to gain power, gold, and to spread the word of God (an afterthought)

Quesnay

________ thinks that because agriculture is the only source of income that can produce a surplus (which helps growth), that industry and manufacturing are "sterile.

Palace of Versailles

The ________ was used as a way to control the nobles so they would cause a Fronde situation (a "gilded cage) "and so he could keep an eye on them.

Nationalism

________ was a new concept in Europe, and it caused many members of French society to volunteer their lives in the war.

Philip the II

________ was a strong defender of Catholicism, and wanted to impose it all across his territory.

Peasants Revolt

The ________ happened in Germany, and it was the uprising of the lower class against nobles.

Anabaptism

________ promoted the individual interpretation of the Bible through the "voice of God "which they directly hear.

Levee en Masse

The ________ was the conscription of able bodied men during the French Revolution.

Da Vinci

Michelangelo: Similar to ________, the environment in Florence created an environment where people could be a freelance artist and actually have it be a supporting job.

Christian humanism

Thomas More was an advocate for ________, and his essay Utopia shows how he envisions a perfect society that was Catholic.

Hobbes

________ is most famous for his Leviathan ideas, and how human nature is ingrained at birth (brutish behavior).

Montesquieu

Voltaire and ________ both supported separation of powers, because they had distrust for the King (Louis XIV) and the lower classes.

liberty

In Robespierres The Terror Justified speech, he justifies terror as stemming from virtue, and justifying the deaths of innocents as part of the cost to protect France against "domestic enemies of ______”.

Henry VIII

________ was the ruler of England during the time of the Protestant Reformation, and he used it to his political advantage.

Descartes

________ believed in deductive reasoning, and reduced the physical and spiritual aspects of the world to matter (Cartesian dualism)

Black Death

The ________ caused the targeting of Jewish communities by Christians because they practiced more hygiene.

Netherlands war of religion

The ________ against Spain and Philip II was a Protestant win against Catholicism.

Puritan Revolution

The ________ was a revolution led by Oliver Cromwell that went against the Stuart kings and the Royalists.

Philip V

________ (Philip of Anjou) was to take the Crown, however he was a grandson of Louis the 14th.

Italian Humanism

________ had a focus on secularism and individualism.

Peter the Great

________ helped to modernize and, in the process, westernize Russia.

Copernicus

________ was the first to hypothesize that the sun was in the center of the universe, but because he feared ridicule, he didn't publish his Copernican hypothesis until his death.

Edict of Nantes

The ________ allowed French Protestants (Huguenots) to practice their religion, which put an end to the war between Catholics and protestants in France.

Philip II

It was the attempt by ________ to take control of England and to make them Catholic.

John Calvin

________ wrote the Institutes of the Christian Religion, which was the basis for the ideas of Calvinism.

Renaissance Humanism

________ has its roots in the ending of the Medieval Era which caused people to see that there was more to life than what the royals were showing them.

Peace of Westphalia

The ________ nullified the Edict of Restitution, allowed Catholic, Calvinist, and Protestant religions, limited the power of the HRE, and increased nobility power.

Castiglione

________ and his Book of the Courtier focuses on the perfect man; that is, for the Italian Renaissance

Da Vinci

The environment created in Florence at the time enabled him to be able to paint and be successful as an artist and inventor

Michelangelo

Similar to Da Vinci, the environment in Florence created an environment where people could be a freelance artist and actually have it be a supporting job