Vertebrate Zoology New Pt. 2

Vertebrates and tunicates share

a.

jaws adapted for feeding.

b.

a high degree of cephalization.

c.

the formation of structures from the neural crest.

d.

an endoskeleton that includes a skull.

e.

a notochord and a dorsal, hollow nerve cord.

Differentiation of teeth is observed in

a.

sharks.

b.

bony fishes.

c.

amphibians.

d.

reptiles.

e.

mammals.

mammals

Which of the following characteristics was not observed in reptiles?

Question 3Select one:

a.

Paedomorphosis

b.

Amniotic eggs

c.

3 or 4 chambered hearts

d.

Keratinized scales

e.

Nictitating membrane

(Hypoosmotic/Hyperosmotic/Isotonic) Freshwater fishes constantly take in water from their environment and lose salts by diffusion. They maintain water balance by excreting large volumes of dilute urine. Relative to freshwater, they are…

a.

Hypoosmotic

b.

Hyperosmotic

c.

Isotonic

Hyperosmotic

All of the following belong to the lobe - fin clade, except

a.

chondrichthyans.

b.

Australian lungfishes.

c.

African lungfishes.

d.

coelacanths.

e.

tetrapods.

chondrichthyans

All of these might have been observed in the common ancestor of chondrichthyans and osteichthyans, except

a.

a mineralized, bony skeleton.

b.

scales.

c.

lungs.

d.

gills.

e.

a swim bladder.

Tunicates are placed into which of the following groups:

Question 7Select one:

a.

Chordata

b.

Cephalochordata

c.

Vertebrata

d.

Urochordata

e.

Hemichordata

Urochordata

To which of these are the scales of chondrichthyans most closely related in a structural sense?

Question 8Select one:

a.

osteichthyan scales

b.

reptilian scales

c.

mammalian scales

d.

bird scales

e.

chondrichthyan teeth

A trend first observed in the evolution of the earliest tetrapods was

a.

the appearance of jaws.

b.

the appearance of bony vertebrae.

c.

feet with digits.

d.

the mineralization of the endoskeleton.

e.

the ability to move in a fishlike manner.

feet with digits

Mammals and living birds share all of the following characteristics except

a.

endothermy.

b.

descent from a common amniotic ancestor.

c.

a dorsal, hollow nerve cord.

d.

an archosaur common ancestor.

e.

an amniotic egg.

an archosaur common ancestor.

Sharks, skates & rays are placed into which of the following groups?

a.

Elasmobranchii

b.

Osteichthyes

c.

Chondrichythes

d.

Holocephali

e.

Elasmobranchi and Chondrichthyes

Elasmobranchi and Chondrichthyes

 The mass extinction event at the end of this period marked the greatest loss of species ever documented, up to 90% of all species terrestrial and marine/aquatic, w/up to 80% of all genera. What was this event called? 

a.

K-T extinction

b.

Permio-Triassic Extinction

c.

Wisconsinan

d.

Pleistocene-Quaternary Extinction

Permio-Triassic Extinction

 The ability for a mammal to maintain constant internal conditions (e.g., temperature) despite fluctuating external environmental conditions is called…  

Question 13Select one:

a.

homeothermy

b.

heterothermy

c.

poikilothermy

d.

homeostasis

e.

heterochrony

An scientist who studies the behavior of animals is called a(n)...

a.

Ecologist

b.

Ethologist

c.

Acarologist

d.

Philologist

e.

Zoologist

Ethologist

Which of the following groups of mammal-like reptiles survived into the Jurassic period to differentiate into the earliest mammal groups?

Question 15Select one:

a.

Pelycosaurs

b.

Therapsids

c.

Cynodonts

d.

Protosuchia

e.

none of these

A fish with a swim bladder that connects to the esophagous via a pneumatic duct to add/remove air from the swim bladder has which of the following types?

a.

Physoclistous

b.

Physostomous

c.

Hepato-esophageal duct

d.

Pneumatic

e.

None of these choices

Physostomous

In members of subphylum Vertebrata, which structure is replaced by the vertebral column?

a.

Notochord

b.

Dorsal Hollow Nerve Cord

c.

Endostyle

d.

Post-anal segmented tail

e.

Pharyngeal Gill Slits/Pouches

Notochord

Which of the following is characteristic of most extant reptiles and most extant mammals?

Question 18Select one:

a.

ectothermy

b.

diaphragm

c.

shelled eggs

d.

keratinized skin

e.

conical teeth that are relatively uniform in size.

Why is the discovery of the fossil Archaeopteryx significant? It supports the

a.

phylogenetic relatedness of birds and reptiles.

b.

contention that birds are much older than we originally thought.

c.

claim that some dinosaurs had feathers well before birds had evolved.

d.

idea that the first birds were ratites.

e.

hypothesis that the earliest birds were ectothermic.

phylogenetic relatedness of birds and reptiles.

The ray - finned fishes are characterized by

a.

a bony endoskeleton, operculum, and usually a swim bladder.

b.

a cartilaginous endoskeleton.

c.

an amniotic egg.

d.

teeth that are replaced regularly.

e.

a lateral line system and ears with three semicircular canals.

a bony endoskeleton, operculum, and usually a swim bladder.

Which of the following characteristics allowed Retiles to be better adapted to the terrestrial environment compared to Amphibians?

a.

Increased keratin content in scales

b.

Evolution of the amniotic egg

c.

Excretion of uric acid instead of excessive urine

d.

Loss of gills and essential loss of cutaneous respiration for majority of skin

e.

All of these helped success in terrestrial environment

All of these helped success in terrestrial environment

Which of these is not considered an amniote?

a.

amphibians

b.

reptiles

c.

birds

d.

egg - laying mammals

e.

placental mammals

amphibians

A scientist who studies birds is called a(n)...

a.

Herpetologist

b.

Ornithologist

c.

Chiropterologist

d.

Mammalogist

e.

Ichthyologist

Ornithologist

In many reptiles, there are extensions of the lungs which increase space for oxygen exchange. These structures are referred to as alveoli.

Question 24Select one:

True

False

False

 Which muscle was a new innovation in the mammalian jaw structure for chewing?  

Question 25Select one:

a.

zygomasseteric

b.

temporalis

c.

masseter

d.

mandibularis

What is the single unique characteristic that distinguishes extant birds from other extant vertebrates?

a.

a hinged jaw

b.

feathers

c.

an amniotic egg

d.

flight

e.

a four- chambered heart

feathers

Which are the most abundant and diverse of the extant vertebrates?

Question 27Select one:

a.

ray - finned fishes

b.

birds

c.

amphibians

d.

nonbird reptiles

e.

mammals

What is the term called when the adult form retains juvenile characteristics?

a.

Metamorphosis

b.

Larval

c.

Neoteny

d.

Paedomorphosis

e.

C and D

C and D

Goldfishes, for example, can go to the surface and gulp air, which is shunted from the esophagus through a duct to inflate the swim bladder. This type of swim bladder is referred to as...

a.

Physostomous

b.

Physoclistous

c.

Pneumatic

d.

Positive-pressure

e.

Counter-current exchange

Physostomous

Which condition relative to temporal openings do individuals of the sub order Lacertilia possess?

a.

Anapsid

b.

Diapsid

c.

Euryapsid

d.

Synapsid

e.

None of these

Diapsid (LIZARD)

Chordate pharyngeal slits appear to have functioned first as

a.

the digestive system?s opening.

b.

suspension- feeding devices.

c.

components of the jaw.

d.

gill slits for respiration.

e.

portions of the inner ear.

suspension- feeding devices.

Which of the following groups of fishes utilizes a large, oil filled liver to help maintain buoyancy?

a.

Teleost fishes

b.

Actinopterygians

c.

Sarcopterygians

d.

Placodermi

e.

Elasmobranchi

Elasmobranchi

 Which of the following is considered “R selected” relative to reproductive ecology?   

a.

proboscideans

b.

carnivores

c.

rodents

d.

primates

e.

none of these

f.

all of these

rodents

While on an intersession course in tropical ecology, Kris pulls a large, snakelike organism from a burrow (the class was granted a collecting permit). The 1 - m - long organism has smooth skin, which appears to be segmented. It has two tiny eyes that are hard to see because they seem to be covered by skin. Kris brings it back to the lab at the field station, where it is a source of puzzlement to the class. Kris says that it is a giant oligochaete worm; Shaun suggests it is a legless amphibian; Kelly proposes it belongs to a snake species that is purely fossorial (lives in a burrow).The condition of the eyes in this organism is similar to that seen in placental and marsupial moles. It is also most similar in functional significance to the

a.

posterior- directed opening of the female bandicoot?s marsupium.

b.

honeycombed bones of carinates.

c.

diaphragm of mammals.

d.

lateral line systems of chondrichthyans and actinopterygians.

e.

parapodia of polychaetes.

Which of these would a paleontologist be most likely to do in order to determine whether a fossil represents a reptile or a mammal?

a.

Look for the presence of milk - producing glands.

b.

Look for the mammalian characteristics of a four - chambered heart and a diaphragm.

c.

Because mammals are eutherians, look for evidence of a placenta.

d.

Use molecular analysis to look for the protein keratin.

e.

Examine the teeth.

Examine the teeth.

Terry catches a ray - finned fish from the ocean and notices that, attached to its flank, there is an equally long, snakelike organism. The attached organism has no external segmentation, no scales, a round mouth surrounded by a sucker and two small eyes. Terry thinks it might be a marine leech, a hagfish, or a lamprey. Which feature excludes it from possibly being a leech?

a.

its elongate shape

b.

its lack of scales

c.

its lack of external segmentation

d.

its round mouth

e.

its anterior sucker

Which of these characteristics added most to vertebrate success in relatively dry environments?

a.

the amniotic egg

b.

the ability to maintain a constant body temperature

c.

two pairs of appendages

d.

claws

e.

a four- chambered heart

the amniotic egg

Which “Class” of fossil fishes appeared in the Ordovician and were jawless and heavily armored?

a.

Ostracodermi

b.

Placodermi

c.

Agnatha

d.

Osteichthyes

Ostracodermi

Viviparous animals lay eggs.

a.

True

b.

False

False

The lamprey species whose larvae live in freshwater streams, but whose adults live most of their lives in seawater, are similar in this respect to certain species of

Question 40Select one:

a.

chondrichthyans.

b.

actinopterygians.

c.

lungfishes.

d.

coelacanths.

e.

hagfishes.

If you found an animal that had the following characteristics, which group would you place it into? “Warm-blooded (homeothermic); lays calcareous eggs; has hair; produces milk; occurs in Australia & New Zealand.”

a.

Reptilia,

b.

Mammalia,

c.

Aves,

d.

Amphibia,

e.

Chondrichthyes

The feathers of birds are modified scales.

a.

True

b.

False

True

What is the action called of reptiles, and presumably early mammal-like reptiles, to increase their core body temperature by basking in the sun, thereby increasing their BMR (basal metabolic rate) to facilitate activity (such as hunting, running, etc.) 

a.

burning yellow and brown fat

b.

behavioral thermoregulation

c.

kinetogenesis

d.

homeostasis

e.

homeothermy

 The skull opening condition observed in mammals (and certain mammal-like reptiles) is referred to as.. 

a.

anapsid

b.

diapsid

c.

euryapsid

d.

synapsid

synapsid

Which of the following is an example of a strategy to avoid the cold?

a.

Shivering

b.

Hibernation

c.

Migration

d.

Blood Shunting

e.

all of these

What is the opening in the skull of birds (and theropod dinosaurs) that is located in the nasal cavity and functions as a place for one of the air sacs and also lightens the skull?

a.

Orbital fenestra

b.

Antorbital fenestra

c.

Temporo-mandibular Fenestra

d.

Nasofrontal Sinus

e.

None of these

Antorbital fenestra

Chondrostei (e.g., Sturgeons) possess which of the following scale types:

a.

placoid

b.

ganoid

c.

cycloid

d.

ctenoid

e.

none of these

ganoid

Which extant chordates are postulated to be most like the earliest chordates in appearance?

a.

lancelets

b.

adult tunicates

c.

amphibians

d.

reptiles

e.

chondrichthyans

lancelets