BIO 204: Final Exam Review

What is the anatomical position of Inferior?

lower half of body; away from head; point from bely button to toes

What is the anatomical position of Superior?

upper half of body; toward the head; point of belly button to head

What is the anatomical position of Proximal?

close to body’s attachment; toward the trunk

What is the anatomical position of Distal?

far from body’s attachment; away from the trunk

What is the anatomical position of Lateral?

far from body midline

What is the anatomical position of Medial?

close to body midline

What is the anatomical position of Dorsal (Posterior)?

back part of body

What is the anatomical position of Ventral (Anterior)?

front part of body

What is the anatomical position of Ipsilateral?

on same side of body

What is the anatomical position of Contralateral?

on opposite side of body

What is the anatomical plane of Sagittal?

vertical line along body’s midline

What is the anatomical plane of Frontal (Coronal)?

line that divides ventral and dorsal anatomical positions

What is the anatomical plane of Transverse?

line dividing superior and inferior anatomical positions

What is the anatomical region of Appendicular?

collarbone, limbs, hip bone

What is the anatomical region of brachial?

area from shoulder to elbow

What is the anatomical region of femoral?

area from hip to knee

What is the anatomical region of axial?

skull, neck, ribs, spine

What is the order of the spinal cord?

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx

Where can the dorsal root be found?

spinal nerve of the nervous system

What is the function of the dorsal root?

carries sensory information to the spinal cord

Where can the dorsal horn be found?

part of grey matter in spinal cord of nervous system

What is the function of the dorsal horn?

receives sensory input

Where can the dorsal column be found?

tract in white matter of spinal cord of nervous system

What is the function of the dorsal column?

carries sensory information to the brain

Where can “appendicular” be referred to?

bones, muscles, nervous system pathways

What is brachial plexus?

network of nerves from the spinal cord that controls the muscles and sensations of shoulder, arm, hands

What injuries are associated with brachial plexus?

brachial plexus neuropathy, Erb’s palsy

What region is biceps brachii associated with?

anterior brachial

What region is triceps brachii associated with?

posterior brachial

What is the function of biceps brachii?

elbow flexion

What is the function of triceps brachii?

elbow extension

What is a femoral nerve?

a nerve from lumbar plexus

What is the function of a femoral nerve?

innervates anterior thigh muscles & provides sensation to thighs and legs

What is an example of appendicular bones?

clavicle, humerus, femur

What is an example of appendicular muscles?

biceps brachii, quadriceps femoris, gluteus maximus

What is an example of axial bones?

skull, spine, ribs, sternum

What is an example of axial muscles?

intercostal muscles, sternocleidomastoid, erector spinae

What does “lumbar” refer to?

lower back region

What is the largest and strongest vertebrae, supporting the body’s weight?

lumbar vertebrae

What is the lumbar plexus?

network of nerves in the lower back

What does the lumbar plexus give rise to?

femoral nerve & obturator nerve

Which body parts do the femoral nerve & obturator nerve innervate?

anterior thigh, pelvis, abdomen

What is a lumbar puncture (spinal tap)?

CSF is collected through lumbar vertebrae

What is the autonomic nervous system?

motor nervous system that controls glands, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle

What is the visceral motor system?

somatic motor system that controls skeletal muscles

What are the effectors of the visceral motor system?

glands, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle

What does not depend on the autonomic nervous system?

visceral effectors

What is the primary target of the autonomic nervous system?

viscera of thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

Why do visceral effectors need the autonomic nervous system?

to adjust their activity to the body’s changing needs

How does the autonomic nervous system carry out its actions?

involuntarily

How does the somatic motor system carry out its actions?

voluntary

In a visceral reflex arc (autonomic reflex), what do we start with?

stimulus in sensory receptor

In a visceral reflex arc (autonomic reflex), what do we end with?

response in visceral effector

What is the autonomic nervous system responsible for?

visceral reflexes

What is the effector of the somatic motor system?

skeletal muscle

What is the effector of the visceral motor system?

glands, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle

The autonomic nervous system is also known as?

visceral motor system

How many neurons are there to effectors in the visceral motor system?

a single motor neuron

How many neurons are there to effectors in the visceral motor system?

two neurons

What are the two neurons of the visceral motor system?

preganglionic neuron and postganglionic neuron

Is the somatic motor nervous system voluntary or involuntary?

voluntary

Is the visceral motor nervous system voluntary or involuntary?

involuntary