A+P Exam 3 new one!!!!

Which glandular cells of the stomach are responsible for the secretion of stomach acid and glycoproteins?

Parietal Cells

what structures in the small intestine secrete enzymes which serve to digest sugars?

microvilli

true/false: the colon is necessary for life

false

The ridge-like rugae of the stomach allow it to expand from its normal volume of 50 mL to a (relatively) whopping __________.

4 L

The amine group from protein deamination and excess water-soluble vitamins are primarily excreted from the body through __________.

Urine

Tears

Feces

Saliva

Urine

Which of the following pathways involved in the complete catabolism of glucose to yields the greatest amount of ATP?

Glycogenolysis

Krebs/Citric Acid Cycle

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Glycolysis

Oxidative Phosphorylation

People who are lactose intolerant due to deficiency in what enzyme?

Lactase

Carbohydrates, Fats, and Proteins are classified as____________.

Macronutrients

Which of the following is not a function of protein in the body?

Lipolysis

Cell and tissue structure

Enzyme formation

Emergency fuel source

Lipolysis

Renal calculi are another name for what?

Kidney Stones

Which of the following hormones will directly stimulate tubular reabsorption of water?

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

Tubule reabsorption and secretion processes predominantly occur in what segment of the nephron tubule pathway?

Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)

Saliva performs all of the following functions in the mouth except?

Absorption

Cleansing the mouth

Formation of a bolus

Tasting food

Starch breakdown

Absorption

Fats should represent what percentage of our daily energy intake?

40 - 50%

0 - 10%

10 - 20%

20 - 35%

20 - 35%

A Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) which is <60 mL/min for three months defines what renal condition?

Early-Stage Renal Disease

Normal Renal Function

Renal Failure

Chronic Renal Disease

Chronic Renal Disease

________ is defined as abnormally low urine output.

Hyperuria

Dehydration

Polyuria

Anuria

Anuria

High protein diets can cause urine to become more ___________.

Neutral

Acidic

Alkaline

Sweet-smelling

Acidic

_________ describes an insufficient concentration of sodium (Na+) in the extracellular fluid (ECF) which can cause cellular edema.

Hypokalemia

Hyperkalemia

Hypernatremia

Hyponatremia

Hypercalcemia

Hypocalcemia

Hyponatremia

As intracellular fluid (ICF) osmolality increases, extracellular fluid (ECF) volume will _________ due to fluid ________ the intracellular space.

Decrease, Entering

The respiratory and renal systems are ________ but have _______ buffering power than the chemical buffering systems.

Slower; More

According to most scientific studies and the nutritional community, how much protein should we aim to eat per day?

1.2 g/kg body mass

High protein diets can cause urine to become more ___________.

acidic

Which macronutrient has the shortest gastric emptying time?

Carbohydrates

What substance gives both bile and feces their color?

Hemoglobin

Albumin

Bacitracin

Bilirubin

Bilirubin

Bile salts act as fat ____________.

Emulsifiers

____________ is the term used to describe the breakdown of larger molecules into smaller ones (i.e., proteins → amino acids).

Catabolism

Metabolism

Cutting

Anabolism

Catabolism

Which of the following is not a pathway involved in the catabolism of glucose to make ATP?

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Gluconeogenesis

Krebs/Citric Acid Cycle

Glycolysis

Gluconeogenesis

The breakdown of glycogen into glucose molecules is called what?

Glycogenolysis

3 multiple choice options

True/False: Whatever substances which are not filtered out of the blood during glomerular filtration can be selectively filtered out from the peritubular capillaries during tubular secretion.

true

Which kidney is especially susceptible to blunt force trauma because the liver has crowded it to sit slightly more inferiorly in the retroperitoneal space compared to the other kidney?

Right

Due to the shortness of their urethras, females (or those assigned female at birth) are ______ likely to develop urinary tract infections (UTIs) compared to males (or those assigned male at birth).

Just as

More

Less

More

Which of the following ions is majorly represented in extracellular fluid (ECF)? (select all that apply)

Sodium 

Potassium 

Chloride 

Hydrogen Phosphate 

sodium and chloride

Edema is caused by the atypical accumulation of which fluid?

Intracellular Fluid (ICF)

Extracellular Fluid (ECF)

Plasma

Extracellular Fluid (ECF)

Hydrostatic edema is caused by what?

Decreased flow of fluid from blood into cells

Increased return of fluid to blood from cells

Increased flow of fluid out of blood into cells

Decreased return of fluid to blood from cells

Increased flow of fluid out of blood into cells

What substance gives both bile and feces their color?

Bilirubin

Which portion of the urinary system acts as a storage reservoir for urine?

Urinary Bladder

Pco2 is the single most important indicator for ________ acidosis and alkalosis.

Respiratory

Which of the following extracellular fluids (ECF) would not be categorized as interstitial fluid?

plasma

________ carbohydrates are found in whole grains, nuts, vegetables, and other high-fiber sources.

Complex

________ is the breakdown of a single glucose resulting in the formation of pyruvate or lactate and 2 ATP.

Glycolysis

Which of the following food sources would not be classified as a complete protein? (select all that apply)

Nuts

Rice

Legumes

The formation of "new" glucose molecules from non-carbohydrate sources is called what?

Glycogenesis

Gluconeogenesis

Re-esterification

Glycogenolysis

Gluconeogenesis

Which of the following nutrients is inorganic?

Minerals

Which of the following is not a function of fat in the body?

Make us taste delicious

What percentage of our daily diet should be carbohydrate-based?

45 - 65%

Most of our daily fat intake should be in what form?

Unsaturated Fats

In general, fat metabolism yields ________ ATP than carbohydrates and fats.

More

Which cells of the stomach are responsible for the secretion of chemical messengers such as serotonin and gastrin?

Enteroendocrine Cells

Diseases like HIV/AIDS, Sjogren's syndrome, and diabetes can cause what condition defined by inadequate saliva production causing dry mouth?

Xerostomia

Which enzyme in pancreatic juice is responsible for the digestion of carbohydrates?

Amylases

Which of the following digestive processes is defined as the passage of the food nutrients from the GI tract into the bloodstream or lymph?

Absorption

The ___________ is the membrane which lines the abdominal cavity itself and essentially houses the gastrointestinal organs within the abdominal cavity.

Parietal Peritoneum

Which teeth have broad crowns and rounded cusps which make them ideal for grinding, particularly fibrous, foods? (select all that apply)

Molars

Incisors

Canines

Bicuspids

Molars/Bicuspids

The _____________ is a double-layered peritoneum which not only anchors the gastrointestinal organs to the abdominal wall but also provides a pathway for blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves to run to and from the gastrointestinal organs.

Mesentery

What common malabsorption disease is associated with an intolerance to gluten causing damage to the intestinal villi and brush border thereby inhibiting the body's ability to absorb nutrients?

Celiac Disease

True/False: Our gut bacterial flora outnumber our own cells by a ratio of 10:1?

True

Which of the following digestive processes is defined as the series of steps involving enzymes to break down complex foods into their base nutrients?

Digestion

Proof that humans are, at least in some ways, carnivorous, ___________ are fanglike teeth which can tear or pierce flesh like many predators of the animal kingdom.

Canines

___________ are breaches in the stomach's mucosal barrier whereby the acid begins to erode or burn through the stomach's lining.

Ulcers

3 multiple choice options

Excess cholesterol or too few bile salts can cause ____________ to develop which can obstruct the flow of bile through the cystic duct.

Gall Stones

_________ is paste-like mixture of food with stomach acid, pepsin, and other enzymes.

Chyme

The gastrointestinal (GI) tract essentially has its own nervous system called the ____________ nervous system.

Segmented

Peristaltic

Enteric

Peritoneal

Enteric

The small intestine begins at the ____________ and runs about ____________ in length.

Jejunum; 7 - 15 ft

Cardiac sphincter; 15 - 20 m

Pyloric sphincter; 15 - 20 ft

Ileocecal valve; 15 - 20 in

Pyloric sphincter; 15 - 20 ft

the __________________ is the membrane on the most superficial layer of the organs of the gastrointestinal tract

visceral peritoneum

herniations of the mucosa in the colon are called what?

diverticula

which macronutrient has the longest gastric emptying time?

fats

true/false: if 80% of the liver were removed, the liver is capable of regenerating itself within a year

true

organs which sit within the peritoneal cavity are called _______________ organs

intraperitoneal

About how much time does nutrient absorption in the small intestine typically take?

3-6 hrs

Which diverticula-related condition can be life-threatening if the diverticula rupture into the peritoneal cavity?

Diverticulitis

3 multiple choice options

__________ is the primary manner in which food is moved distally along the gastrointestinal (GI) tract through alternating waves of contraction and relaxation.

Absorption

Peristalsis

Segmentation

Ingestion

Peristalsis

Food waste typically sits in the colon for how long?

12-24 hrs

Also referred to as our "front teeth", ____________ have a chisel-like shape which is ideal for chewing acts like cutting or chunking food.

Molars

Canines

Incisors

Bicuspids

Incisors

Which sphincter connects the stomach to the duodenum of the small intestine?

Pyloric Sphincter

Ileocecal Valve

Gastroesophageal Sphincter

Anus

Pyloric Sphincter

Which of the following is not a function of the tongue?

Moving food around within the mouth

Crushing and grinding food into a pulp-like mixture

Speech formation

Swallowing

Mixing food with saliva to make a bolus

Crushing and grinding food into a pulp-like mixture

Which of the following is not a function of the large intestine/colon?

Propulsion of feces

Electrolyte absorption

Vitamin absorption

Fat and protein absorption

Water absorption

Fat and protein absorption

Which enzyme in pancreatic juice is responsible for the digestion of nucleic acids?

Proteases

Lipases

Amylases

Nucleases

Nucleases

The ____________ consists of organs which make up the continuous muscular tube through which food travels from mouth to anus.

Alimentary Canal

Which of the following enteroendocrine chemical messengers is responsible for the feeling of "hunger"?

Ghrelin

3 multiple choice options

For carbohydrates to be absorbed in the small intestine, they need to be broken down into ______________.

Monosaccharides

3 multiple choice options

Which of the following digestive processes is defined as the elimination of non-digestible substances?

Defecation

Ankyloglossia or being "tongue-tied" is a congenital condition which can negatively affect which of the following acts? (select all that apply)

Feeding

Breathing

Speech

Smelling

-Speech

-Feeding

True/False: We have some level of conscious control over the act of defecation.

True

Which enzyme in pancreatic juices is responsible for the digestion of proteins?

Proteases

Which cells of the stomach are responsible for the secretion of the pepsinogen and lipase enzymes?

Chief Cells

Which sphincter connects the stomach to the duodenum of the small intestine?

Pyloric Sphincter

Herniations of the mucosa in the colon are called what?

Diverticula

The ___________ is a fluid-filled space in the abdominal cavity which lubricates the mobile organs of the digestive tract.

Peritoneal Cavity

The contraction and relaxation resulting in a "back and forth" flow of food with some propulsion along the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is called what?

Segmentation

Which enzyme in pancreatic juice is responsible for the digestion of fats?

Lipases

Organs which lie outside or posterior to the peritoneal cavity are called _____________ organs.

Retroperitoneal

3 multiple choice options

True/False: Most of our nutrient absorption from food occurs in the small intestine.

True

Which of the following digestive processes includes the act of chewing in the mouth and churning of chyme in the stomach:

Defecation

Digestion

Mechanical Breakdown

Absorption

Mechanical Breakdown

___________ is the primary monosaccharide used to fuel ATP synthesis.

Sucrose

Fructose

Lactose

Glucose

Glucose

What percentage of our daily diet should be carbohydrate-based?

20 - 40%

50 - 70%

45 - 65%

10 - 20%

45-65%

________ is the breakdown of a single glucose resulting in the formation of pyruvate or lactate and 2 ATP.

Glycolysis

Gluconeogenesis

Glycogenolysis

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Glycolysis

Which of the following are not monosaccharides? (select all that apply)

Glucose

Galactose

Lactose

Sucrose

Amylose

Lactose, Sucrose, and Amylose

Weight loss requires you to expend more calories than you consume meaning you would need to be in a long-term state of net ______________ caloric balance.

Positive

Negative

Zero

Negative

True/False: The colon is necessary for life.

False

Nutrients like vitamins and minerals are classified as ___________.

Micronutrients