unit 3 ap hug

Culture

the body of customary beliefs, material traits, and social forms that together constitute the distinct tradition of a group of people

Culture trait

The specific customs that are part of the everyday life of a particular culture, such as language, religion, ethnicity, social institutions, and aspects of popular culture.

Folk/indigenous culture

Culture traditionally practiced by a small, homogeneous, rural group living in relative isolation from other groups.

Popular culture

Culture found in a large, heterogeneous society that shares certain habits despite differences in other personal characteristics.

Architecture

The look of housing, affected by the availability of materials, the environment the house is in, and the popular culture at the time

Cultural relativism

Not judging a culture to our own standards of what is right or wrong, strange or normal

Ethnocentrist

Belief in the superiority of one's own ethnic group

Cultural landscape

An approach to geography that emphasizes the relationship among social and physical phenomena in a particular study area.

Linguistic

Pertaining to language

Sequent occupance

The notion that successive societies leave their cultural imprints on a place, each contributing to the cumulative cultural landscape

Traditional architecture

Traditional building style of different cultures, religions and places

Postmodern architecture

Design buildings that are visually pleasing to human beings and provide modern humans with a link to their past.

Ethnicity

Identity with a group of people who share the cultural traditions of a particular homeland or hearth.

Gender

The difference between men and women

Ethnic enclave

A place with a high concentration of an ethic group that is distinct from those in the surrounding area.

Indigenous community

Communities that live within, or are attached to, geographically distinct traditional habitats or ancestral territories, and who identify themselves as being part of a distinct cultural group

Sense of place

The meanings of and the attachment to a place held by an individual or a community

Placemaking

the process of creating quality places that people want to live, work, play, and learn in

Centripetal force

A culture value that tends to unify people

Centrifugal force

A cultural value that tends to pull people apart

Relocation diffusion

The spread of a feature or tend through bodily movement of people from one place to another

Expansion diffusion

The spread of a feature or trend among people from one area to another in an additive process

Contagious diffusion

The rapid, widespread diffusion of a feature or trend throughout a population

Hierarchical diffusion

The spread of a feature or trend from one key person or node of authority or power to other persons or places

Stimulus diffusion

The spread of an underlying principle

Creolization

The process of native language creation by mixing two or more languages

Lingua franca

A language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages

Colonialism

An attempt by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles in another territory

Imperialism

A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force

Urbanization

An increase in the percentage of the number of people living in urban settlements

Globalization

Actions or processes that involve the entire world and result in making something worldwide in scope

Time-space convergence

The decline in travel time between geographical locations as a result of transportation, communication, and related technological and social innovations

Cultural convergence

The tendency for cultures to become more alike as they increasingly share technology and organizational structures in a modern world united by improved transportation and communication

Cultural divergence

The likelihood or tendency for cultures to become increasingly dissimilar with the passage of time.

Language Family

A collection of languages related to each other through a common ancestor long before recorded history.

Language dialect

Variations of the same language used by groups of people from specific geographic areas, social groups, or ethnic backgrounds

Cultural hearth

a center where cultures developed and from which ideas and traditions spread outward

Indo-European language family

The language family that includes all European languages (which are widely spoken in Europe, the Americas, Africa, and Australasia) and Indian and Iranian

Universalizing religion

A religion that attempts to appeal to all people, not just those living in a particular place

Christianity

A monotheistic system of beliefs and practices based on the Old Testament and the teachings of Jesus as embodied in the New Testament and emphasizing the role of Jesus as savior.

Islam

A religion based on the teachings of the prophet Mohammed which stresses belief in one god (Allah), Paradise and Hell, and a body of law written in the Quran. Followers are called Muslims.

Buddhism

A religion based on the teachings of the Buddha.

Sikhism

A monotheistic religion founded in Punjab in the 15th century by Guru Nanak.

Ethnic religion

A religion with a relatively concentrated spatial distribution whose principles are likely to be based on the physical characteristics of the particular location in which its adherents are concentrated.

Hinduism

A religion and philosophy developed in ancient India, characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme being who takes many forms

Judaism

the monotheistic religion of the Jews

Acculturation

The process of changes in culture that result from the meeting of two groups, each of which retains distinct cultural features

Assimilation

The process by which a group's cultural features are altered to resemble those of another group

Syncretism

The combining of elements of two groups into a new cultural feature

Multiculturalism

The view that cultures, races, and ethnicities, particularly those of minority groups, deserve special acknowledgment of their differences within a dominant political culture.

Official language

Used by the government of a country for laws, reports, signs , public objects, etc.

Language group

A collection of languages that share a more recent past with similar vocabularies and some overlap.

Dialects

Variations in accent, grammar usage, and spelling

Creole language

When two languages combine and develop into a new language with native speakers.

Pidgin language

An extremely simplified language used by two people that speak two languages.

Language branch

A collection of languages that share a common origin from thousands of years ago-separated from other languages in their family.