South Africa Apartheid

D.F. Malan

prime minister during Apartheid, enforced segregation, national party

Hendrik Verwoerd

prime minister, ‘father of Apatheid’

Nelson Mandela

joined ANC, started ANCYL, was imprisoned, became symbol then 1st president

Robert Sobukwe

resistance leader, helped form ANCYL, founded PAC

Oliver Tambo

resistance leader, helped start ANC, escaped when other leaders were arrested

Albert Luthuli

ANC leader, consistently remained peaceful

National Party (NP)

the party in control, effectively became one-party state, mostly Afrikaner voters

African National Congress (ANC)

integrationalist resistance movement, non violent, initially lobbied that black africans were honest, but Luthuli made it more aggressive so membership grew

ANC Youth League (ANCYL)

wing of the ANC created by Mandela, Tombo, and Sobukew, wanted ANC to be more confrontational (flashstrikes, boycotts…), made plans after the government would inevitably ban them

Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK)

limited violence resistance group created by ANC which intended to make it hard for the gov to function by taking out infrastructure. Also had a militant wing, but intended to avoid bloodshed

Pan Africanist Congress (PAC)

Africanist, no collaboration with whites, many members left ANC to join, strong relationship with newly independent African nations

POQO

guerilla/terrorist resistance group created by PAC. Assassinated people connected to gov, even black africans, in 1963 planned large uprising from Lesotho, but gov invaded and arrested thousands. Probably largest armed resistance group.

African Resistance Movement (ARM)

small, white resistance group which used terrorism and targeted infrastructure. Disbanded 2964 due to police raids and disagreements

South African Communist Party (SACP)

included whites, believed Apartheid was cover for capitalism, good relations with unions and ANC members… government branded all opposition as radicals

Petty Apartheid

acts separating/segregating everyday life and preventing intermingling of races

Grand Apartheid

forcing black africans to live in bantustans, stripping black africans of citizenship with the ultimate aim of creating a white-only south africa

Townships

designated areas in cities for non-whites

Homelands/Bantustans

reservations where black Africans without work had permission to live (7-14%) of land

Department of Native Affairs

established to administer and control the black population, specifically to remove them to ‘homelands’

Group Areas Act (GAA)

any racial group allowed to be evicted to make room for another racial group (whites), generational land lost

Separate Amenities Act

separate but equal amenities were not required but black African facilities should have a lower quality

Native Land Act/ Native Trusts and Lands Act 1913

prevented black africans from renting/buying/living on 93% of land reserved for white ownership

Bantu Authorities Act 1951

established hierarchy of authority in bantustans where chiefs were subservient to white officials

Native Laws Amendment Act 1952

also known as Abolition of Passes Act which required black Africans to carry pass books giving them permission to be in a certain area, laws were so complicated that a police could probably arrest anyone for failing to meet rules

Bantu Education Act 1953

created segregated schooling systems where black Africans were taught menial labor and discouraged ambition. ANC ordered boycott, but gov closed schools, children left without supervision often joined gangs

Communist Suppression Act

communism defined as the promotion of disturbance or disorder or encouraging feelings of hostility between whites and other races

Defiance Campaign

organized by ANC against the suppression of communism act. Involved breaking laws in cities to fill prisons and strikes/protests. In 6 months, 8,500 were arrested, good participation in cities, and ANC became more prominent, but government did not change laws.

Freedom Charter

1954 document representing desires of the people for democracy, created by ANC and other groups called the ‘Congress Alliance’

Treason Trial

156 creators of the Freedom Charter were arrested and accused of communism. Although most were released, resistance was left leaderless for years

Sharpeville Massacre 1960

first protest organized by PAC where gov massacred many peaceful protestors.

Rivonia Trial 1963-64

Mandela uses his trial to defend MK’s resistance internationally. Gov does not use death penalty to avoid turning him into a martyr and international condemnation

Sophiatown removals 1955-6

mixed race neighborhood, gov decided area was white only, ANC planned resistance but gov brought in military and people backed down because of fear of violence