Animal-Phyiology-Midterm-Reviewer (1) (copy)

Physiology

The study of the integrated functions of the body and the functions of all its parts, including biophysical and biochemical processes.

Anatomy

The study of body structure, often involving dissection.

Taxonomy

The science of classification, which involves sorting species into orderly groups based on their evolution, structure, and behavior.

Multicellular

Organisms composed of more than one cell.

Binomial system

A method of identifying living organisms by their genus and species, invented by Carl Linnaeus.

Vertebrates

Organisms within the animal kingdom that have backbones.

Invertebrates

Organisms within the animal kingdom that do not have backbones.

Median plane

Divides the body longitudinally into symmetrical right and left halves.

Superficial

Near to the surface of the body.

Deep

Closer to the center of the body.

Cranial/anterior

Towards the front of the animal (towards the head).

Caudal/posterior

Towards the rear end or tail of the animal (away from the head).

Medial

Structures that lie towards or near the median plane (closer to the middle of the animal).

Lateral

Structures that lie towards the side of the animal (away from the median plane).

Dorsal

Towards or near the back or vertebral column of the animal.

Ventral

Towards or near the belly or lowermost surface of the body.

Rostral

Towards the nose; used to describe the position of structures on the head.

Proximal

Structures or parts of the structure that lie close to the main mass of the body or near the origin of a structure.

Distal

Structures or parts of the structure that lie away from the main mass of the body or origin.

Palmar

The rear surface of the fore paw that bears the foot pads.

Plantar

The rear surface of the hind paw that bears the foot pads.

Animal Physiology

The study of the physiological processes and functions of animals.

Structural systems

Provide the basic framework and transport system for the body.

Coordinating systems

Control mechanisms of the body.

Visceral systems

Include the basic functional systems or organs that perform general duties for the body.

Skeletal system

The supporting frame of the body, made up of bones and joints.

Muscular system

Mechanism responsible for moving the bones and enabling locomotion.

Integument

The covering of the body, including the skin and hair.

Cardiovascular system

Transports blood throughout the body.

Nervous system

Carries information to and from the brain, controls and monitors the internal and external environment of the body.

Endocrine system

Controls the body's functions through chemical messengers or hormones.

Digestive system

Responsible for taking in food and breaking it down for the body to utilize.

Respiratory system

Responsible for taking in oxygen and removing carbon dioxide.

Urinary system

Responsible for eliminating waste and toxic substances from the body.

Reproductive system

Responsible for producing offspring.

Mammalian cell

The basic structural and functional unit of an organism, carries out functions such as taking in nutrients, excreting waste, respiration, and reproduction.

Tissue

A group of specialized cells.

Organs

Functional groups of various tissues.

Epithelial tissues

Nongranular tissues classified as simple (single layer) or stratified (many-layered), with different shapes of individual cells.

Connective tissue

Responsible for supporting and holding organs and tissues in place, consists of cells embedded in an extracellular matrix.

Muscle tissue

Responsible for organized movement in the body, includes skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle.

Nervous tissue

Tissue that carries information throughout the body.

Body cavities

Separate areas in the body, lined with a serous membrane that produces lubricating fluid.

Parietal

Describes the serous membrane that lines the boundaries or sides of a body cavity.

Visceral

Describes the serous membrane that covers all the organs within the cavity.

Thoracic cavity

Contains the heart, lungs, and other associated structures. Its skeletal walls are formed by the bony thoracic cage consisting of the ribs, thoracic vertebrae, and sternum.

Cranial thoracic inlet

The entrance into the thoracic cavity, formed by the first thoracic vertebra, the first pair of ribs, and the manubrium.

Abdominal cavity

Lies caudal to the thoracic cavity and contains the abdominal viscera, including the organs of the digestive system, urogenital system, and associated vessels and nerves.

Pelvic cavity

Lies caudal to the abdominal cavity and contains the urinary bladder, rectum, and reproductive organs.

Dehydration

The specific term for the loss of body water from body fluids.

Extracellular fluid (ECF)

The fluid present in the spaces outside the cell, including plasma, interstitial fluid, and transcellular fluid.

Intracellular fluid (ICF)

Also known as tissue fluid, it is the fluid inside organs and forms the majority of body water.

Osmoregulation

The process of maintaining salt and water balance across membranes within the body.

Nonelectrolyte

A substance that does not dissociate into ions in water.

Ions

Charged particles formed when atoms gain or lose electrons.

Semipermeable membranes

Membranes that allow certain types of solutes and water to pass through.

Osmotic pressure

The pressure exerted by the movement of water across membranes.

Electrolytes

Important ions that are regulated in the three major fluid compartments of the body.

Excretory system

The system responsible for removing waste from the body through sweat, exhaled carbon dioxide, and urine.

Kidneys

Bean-shaped structures that filter blood and form urine.

Nephrons

Tiny units within the kidneys that filter blood and remove metabolic wastes.

Urinary system

Also known as the excretory system, it maintains water balance and removes waste products through urine.

Ureter

Tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder.

Urinary bladder

Stores urine until it is eliminated through the urethra.

Renal cortex

The outer region of the kidney that contains nephrons.

Renal medulla

The middle region of the kidney.

Renal pelvis

The expanded end of the ureter that collects urine and leads to the ureter on the outside of the kidney.

Urethra

Tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body.

Renal fascia

The outermost layer surrounding the kidneys, made of tough connective tissue.

Perirenal fat capsule

The second layer surrounding the kidneys, helps anchor them in place.

Renal capsule

The innermost layer surrounding the kidneys.

Filtration

The process in which substances are removed from the blood and enter the renal tubules to form urine.

Reabsorption

The process in which ions, water, and nutrients are transported from the renal tubules back into the blood.

Secretion

The process in which substances, such as toxins and drugs, are actively transported from the blood into the renal tubules to be excreted in urine.

Renin

A hormone produced by the kidneys that helps regulate blood pressure.

EPO (Erythropoietin)

A hormone produced by the kidneys that stimulates the production of red blood cells.

Calcitriol

The active form of vitamin D, which is produced by the kidneys and helps regulate calcium absorption.

Renal corpuscle

The part of the kidney located in the renal cortex, consisting of the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule.

Glomerulus

A network of capillaries within the renal corpuscle that filters fluid from the blood.

Bowman's capsule

A cup-shaped chamber that surrounds the glomerulus and captures and directs the filtrate to the renal tubules.

Podocytes

Uniquely shaped cells in the visceral layer of Bowman's capsule that interdigitate with pedicels to filter substances.

Pedicels

Finger-like arms extending from podocytes that cover the glomerular capillaries.

Afferent arteriole

The branch of the renal artery that enters the glomerulus.

Efferent arteriole

The branch of the renal artery that exits the glomerulus.

Glomerular capillary bed

The network of capillaries within the glomerulus.

Peritubular capillary network

The network of capillaries that surrounds and interacts with parts of the renal tubule.

Nephron

The functional unit of the kidney, responsible for filtering waste and maintaining homeostatic balance.

Aquaporins

Proteins in the cells of the descending loop of Henle that allow water to pass from the filtrate into the interstitial fluid.

Loop of Henle

The part of the renal tubule that descends into the medulla and plays a role in concentrating urine.

Urine

The final product of filtration, reabsorption, and secretion in the kidneys, containing water, salts, urea, creatine, and uric acid.

Renal vein

The blood vessel that carries filtered blood out of the kidneys.

Ureters

Tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder.

Peristalsis

Rhythmic contraction of the smooth muscle in the ureter that helps move urine into the bladder.

Urinary Bladder

Hollow, muscular organ that stores urine.

Sphincter muscles

Muscles that hold urine in place in the bladder.

Trigone

Triangular area at the base of the bladder where the ureters enter and the urethra exits.

Urethra

Tube of smooth muscle with a mucous lining that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body.

Female Urethra

Approximately 1.5 inches long and opens through the meatus.

Male Urethra

Approximately 8 inches long and passes through three different regions:prostate gland, membranous portion, and penis.

Voiding/Micturition

Excreting urine.