Unit 1 Key Groups, Events, Laws, & Terms

Albany Plan of Union

- a rejected plan to create a unified government for the 13 colonies at the Albany congress on July 10, 1754 in Albany, NY.
- suggested by Ben Franklin.
- a response to the problems the colonies were facing on the eve of the french and indian war.

Aztec

- In Valley of Mexico
- 1200s
- Gold and Silver used ceremonially cause of availability.
- Human sacrifice
- Built pyramids
- Still flourished when Columbus arrived
- BLOODY!!!!

Columbian Exchange

- new world into old world, old world into new.
- age of exploration
- the flow of ideas, people, plants, tech, disease and animals,

Dominion of New England

- King James succeeded his brother Charles in 1685.
- He placed northern colonies under a single ruler in Boston.
- in 3 yrs the land from southern Maine to New Jersey was united into one vast colony.

Forms of Colonial Governance

Charter: self-governed, their charters were granted to the colonists via a joint-stock company.
Royal: owned by king, appointed by crown, carried out orders and wished of the crown.
Proprietary: an individual or small elite group essentially owned the colony, controlling all of the actions and institutions of government for which they would receive political or financial favors.

French and Indian War

- 7 years' war
- began over the issue of whether the upper Ohio River valley was a part of the British empire. this opened for trade and settlement.
- began in 1754 ended with treaty of paris in 1763.

Georgia-James Oglethorpe

- wanted Georgia bc there were many unemployed in England and this gave them opportunity.
- provides a military buffer between Spanish Florida and English South Carolina

Glorious Revolution

- permanently established parliament as the ruling power of England and later the UK.
- represented a shift from absolute to constitutional monarchy.

Great Awakening

- religious rivalry in the british american colonies between 1720-1740.
- spirituality and religion was revived.

Growth of Slavery

- started as indentured servants.
- needed more in the states to help grow tobacco.

Inca

- Most prominent empire
- AD 1400
- Created empire that stretched 2500 miles along west coast of South America
- had road system
- Built empires, great cities, ceremonial centers, palaces, temple-topped pyramids, central plazas.
- Invented hieroglyphics.
- Didn't settle further due to Andes mountains

joint-stock company

- Originally funded and maintained by English colonies
- Allowed investors to put their wealth in support of a colony that would make profit.
- shared

Maryland Act of Toleration

- would only tolerate Christians who believed in the holy trinity
- written by lord Baltimore bc his state now had English Anglicans and Puritans in the state.
- passed in 1649
- if you are not Christian there is no toleration. If you speak out you could get executed and/or land taken.

Massachusetts Bay Colony

- Founded by John Winthrop (BIG NO NO)
- Followed the pilgrims
- Came to new land for religious freedom for puritans.
- Winthrop boarded the Arbella

Mayflower Compact

- Mayflower got thrown off course and did not land in Virginia (cape cod).
- Landed off the coast of Massachusetts instead and decided to stay.
- Before settling they signed the Mayflower compact.
- A governing agreement signed by the pilgrims before they landed in Plymouth harbor which pledged loyalty to the king.

Mercantilism

- British interest in establishing colonies was influenced by this.
- Held that a country's ultimate goal was self-sufficiency and that all countries were in a competition to acquire the most gold and silver.
- Economic idea developed and practiced in Europe in the 16th century and beyond/
- Led to Balanced trade.

Middle Passage

- forced journey of slaves from Africa to America throughout the 1600s.

Navigation Acts

- Series of laws restricting colonial trade.
- Benefited England and colonists.
- Passed all foreign goods through England jobs for English dockworkers and import taxes for the English treasury.
- Restricting trade to English or colonial ships let to a boom in the colonial shipbuilding industry.
- Some colonists smuggled stuff though.

Quaker Beliefs

- A branch of christianity which valued spiritual communication with God.
- Downplayed the importance of clergy.
- Believed in equality among men.
- No single holy book or written set of beliefs that all quakers follow.
- Quakers alienated the Anglican Church as well as the English political elites.
- Founded by George Fox.

Pilgrims

- made up Massachusetts Plymouth colony
- Came to New land for economic opportunity AND freedom to practice their religion.
- Pilgrims were originally supposed to be in Virginia, but landed in Massachusetts.
- Thrown off course led to signing of the mayflower compact.
- Once settled, natives helped them. Ultimately, led to the first thanksgiving.
- Separatists!!!
- Wanted to separate from the Anglo-Saxon church.
- Wanted to find a new religon.
- Low social status.

Plymouth Colony

- founded by William Bradford
- Economic opportunity AND freedom to practice their religion.
- Pilgrims!!!
- first permanent english colony.

Powhatan Tribe

- includes pocahontas
- lived on jamestown settlement
- eastern woodland indians who occupoed coastal plain of VA.

Puritans

- Founded Massachusetts Bay Colony
- Founded by John Winthrop (BIG NO NO)
- Reformers!!!
- Wanted more pure form of the Anglo-Saxon church.
- more social status

Reformation

1790-1840

Renaissance

- rebirth
- humanism
- individualism
- italy
- 14th century
- perspective
- lots of art

Salutary Neglect

- unofficial british policy of non-enforcement of trade regulations on their American colonies during the 17th and 18th centuries.
- ultimately led to American Independence

The Carolinas

- slavery was popular bc of the coastline
- founded by a group of 8 noblemen.
- separated peacefully

Treaty of Paris

- ended the french and indian war.
- france gave up all its territories in mainland north america, ending any foreign military threat to the british colonies there.
- ended revolutionary war between great britain and usa.
- recognized american independence.
- established new borders.

Treaty of Tordesillas

- neatly divided the new world of the Americas between the two superpowers.
- treaty between portugal and spain in 1494.