UNIT 2

what is context for European dissatisfaction with the catholic church?

• Middle Ages: disputes between catholic popes and European kings (especially the king of France)

• The king of France wanted a papacy in Avignon, France

  • these clergy here focused on consolidating power over the religion

• moved the clergy back to Italy and France got mad and just elected another pope (two rival popes)

  • people in Europe began to believe popes were corrupt and power-hungary

• catholic church status increased in politics and wealth

• corruption within the church:

  • simony

  • indulgences

  • Purgatory

what is simony?

• corrupt buying and selling of church offices

what were indulgences?

• Purgatory: after death you went meither to heaven nor hell but to the middle space of Purgatory (where the soul was purified)

• Pope Leo X needed to fund St. Peter’s Basilica so he offered indulgences

  • the more you spend on indulgences, the less time in Purgatory

  • forgiveness for sins without confessions

what were the main ideas of Luther?

• infatuated with the Catholic definition of personal sin

• 1515: studied the new testament and discovered that God forgave sins for free

  • salvation is a gift of grace not a representation of works

• Priesthood of all Believers: not only were the selected priests considered sacred

• sola scriptura: scripture alone, final authority is the bible NOT the church

what was the 95 theses?

• used the ideas he had developed and wrote the 95 theses condemning the catholic church

  • nailed this the the door of the Wittenburg church

• this was spread across Europe with the help of the printing press

What was the Diet of Worms?

• catholic response to the 95 theses

• Luther refused to say that he was wrong

• continued his work in hiding

what was the goal of John Calvin?

• to systematize the Protestant Doctrines

what were the ideas in Calvin’s “The Institutes of Christian Religion”?

• predestination: God had decided before the foundation of the world who was saved

  • salvation and damnation are not a human decision

• elect: those who God had chosen to save

  • the elect could never lose their salvation

what was Calvin’s Geneva?

• intensive calvinist theocracy

• wealth is the reward for hard work, wealth is a sign of God’s favor

  • Amsterdam and Geneva grew wealthy

• disagreeing with Calvin led to harsh consequences

who were the anabaptists?

• believed in the reformation principles of Calvin and Luther, but separation from the of the question of baptism

  • believed only adults should be baptised and not infants

what were the impacts of the printing press on the protestant reformation?

• vernacular bibles: luther believed that bibles should be translated into vernacular languages

• printing press enabled them to do this and spread the translations across Europe

  • 1526: French and English versions of the new testament

  • suppressed by the catholic church

what is a vernacular language?

the language of the people

why did vernacular bibles pose a threat to catholic authority?

• when the bible is written in Latin, the common people are unable to understand for themselves

  • gave power to the catholic clergymen who could read it

• vernacular bibles pose a threat to this power

What were the efforts of the Puritans?

• The church of England was founded on selfish means and did not have many differences from the Catholic Church

• Puritans: challenged catholic practices within the Anglican Church

• refused to allow corruption of church and state

  • led to conflict with Stuart Monarchs (James I, Charles I)

  • led to the English Civil war

what was the political beliefs of the Anabaptists?

• believed in the complete separation of church and state

• devoted to religion over secular authority

  • refused military conscription

what were the major religious conflicts in France?

• Massacre of Vassy

• St. Bartholemew’s Day Massacre

• War of the Three Henrys

• French Phase of the 30 years’ war

What was the causes of the Massacre of Vassy?

• protestantism grew QUICKLY in mostly catholic France

  • half of french nobility were huguenot and wanted rights or reform

• Charles IX is ruler (11 years old)

  • His mother, Catharine de ’ Medici basically rules for him

  • was very catholic both overall a politique

• Guise family: staunch catholics who had a lot of noble influence

• Massacre of Vassy: Guise family ordered the Huguenots at their worship service killed

who are the huguenots?

calvinists in france

what is a politique

prioritizes state over religion

What was the cause of the St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre?

• French people though religious conflict was over with the marriage over Charles IX’s sister and Henry of Navarre (calvinist leader)

  • many huguenots were in Paris for the wedding

• Guise family convinced Charles IX that the huguenots were a threat

• resulted in a three day massacre of the Huguenots in Paris

  • Henry of Navarre converted to Catholicism to spare his life (converted back once he was spared)

What was the War of the Three Henrys?

• 3 Henrys competing for the throne of France

  • Henry III: current ruler (succeeded Charles IX)

  • Henry of Guise: member of the Holy League

  • Henry of Navarre: Calvinist leader

• Guise took the French throne by force (with the help of the Spanish)

  • III had him killed

• III partnered up with Navarre and removed the Holy League from France

• monk kill III

• Navarre succeeds him and becomes Henry IV

  • enacts the Edict of Nantes

What is the Edict of Nantes?

established France as a Catholic state but allowed Huguenots freedom of worship without prosecution

What were the religious conflicts in Spain?

• ruled but the Habsburgs (VERY Catholic)

• Philip II rose to the throne

  • Ottomans tried to invade into Europe and were stopped by Spain and Poland

  • Philip HATED the Protestants

• The Netherlands

• England

what is iconoclasm?

destroying catholic images

what were the spanish religious conflicts in the Netherlands?

• Dutch calvinists began to commit iconoclasm

• Philip II released targeted prosecution

• William of Orange: rose to defend the Dutch Calvinists

• declared themselves independent from Spain

What was the Spanish Armada?

• Elizabeth I: supported Protestants

  • supported the Dutch efforts (in secret)

• Spanish Armada: fleet of ships sent by Philip II to defeat the English

  • English quickly defeated the fleet

What caused the 30 years’ war?

• peace of augsburg: (1555) offered religious toleration in the HRE by decreeing that the princes could decide whether they were catholic or protestant

  • does NOT include Calvinism

• Ferdinand: king in territory of Bohemia

  • began a program to reintroduce catholicism in Bohemia

  • calvinist nobility responded with violence

• Defenestration of Prague: threw two of Ferdinand’s advisors out the window

  • cause of the 30 years war

What were the phases of the 30 years war (in order)

1. Bohemian Phase

2. dutch phase

3. swedish phase

4. french phase

What occurred during the Bohemian Phase of the 30 Years’ war?

• HRE and Ferdinand defeat protestant forces (Fredrick I) at the Battle of White Mountain

• RESULT: catholics establish upper hand and reestablish catholicism in states

what happened in the danish phase of the 30 Years’ war?

• king christian IV of Denmark taken the protestant side due to an anti-catholic, anti-habsburg alliance with England

• RESULT: Catholics still won and movement towards more political motives

What happened during the Swedish Phase of the 30 Years’ war?

• King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden organized Protestant armies and cause

  • military genius

• financial aid from France due to their hatred of the Habsburg influence which outweighed religious affiliation

• RESULT: MAJOR Protestant victory

What happened during the French Phase of the 30 Years’ war?

• French sided with the Protestants and fought against Spain

  • ensured no Habsburg would recover after defeat

What was the Peace of Westphalia (1648) ?

1. end of religious wars

2. amended Peace of Augsburg to include Calvinists

3. ended the idea of a Universal Christendom

4. kept HRE weak and individual states strong

   1. led to an HRE decline

What was the catholic reformation (or counter reformation)?

• catholic response to the growth of Protestant power

• reaffirmed protestant and catholic divide

What was the purpose of the Jesuit Order?

• to educate the church to strengthen catholics against protestant doctrine

• roman inquisition

• index of prohibited books

Who was Ignatius of Loyola?

• established the Jesuit order

what was included on the index of prohibited books?

• protestant doctrine

• science that opposed the church

What was the roman inquisition?

• kill the heretics among the church

Who were the Ursulines?

• female version of the Jesuit order

• missionary work

• educated the young girls

Who was St. Theresa of Avila?

• reformed the Carmelite order

  • rejected corruption and adopted prayer

What was the goal of the council of trent?

• to resolve differences between protestants and catholics

• called by Pope Paul III

What were the main protestant complaints about the church?

• simony

• indulgences

• immorality among the clergy

What were the outcomes of the council of trent?

Reforms:

• suppressed simony

• reestablished priesthood celibacy

• cleaned up the corruption of the sale of indulgences (couldn’t go towards building projects)

Reaffirmed Tradition (against the protestants):

• salvation comes through works and faith

• affirmed transubstantiation doctrine

• 7 sacraments

• equal authority of Bible and church

what is transubstantiation?

bread and wine truly become flesh and blood

What were the social shift in class?

• merchant elite proved that class movement upward was possible

  • not longer determined by property or pedigree

• land ownership still held influence

  • English parliament: house of lords (landowning elite), house of commons (those without land)

what were the social religious shifts at the time?

• increase in religious prosecution

  • cathrine de’medici had huguenots killed

  • jews were persecuted and expelled (forced to practice in secret)

what was gender like at the time?

• patriarchy: male dominated society

  • men have more rights and opportunities

  • women submitted to their husbands and fathers

• urban areas had more gender discrimination than rural

  • men and women had separate roles in the household but treated more equally

• renaissance sparked gender questions

• religions had different interpretations of gender

What was the quarrel de femmes?

• the woman question

• against women

  • women were inferior to men by nature

  • aristotle believed women were unfinished men

  • biblical rationale

• for women

  • women are less smart because they have been given less opportunity

  • Elizabeth I was a woman

What was the catholic church interpretations of gender?

• offered women the opportunity to go into roles where they were under the authority of men

  • nuns: join a convent instead of getting married (gave women opportunities and utilize your skills in the church

What was the protestant interpretation of gender?

• taught that women should be subject to their husbands and fathers

What was the anabaptist interpretation of women?

• women were given positions of leadership in their church

What was the rise of state control over public morals?

• church lost authority

  • city governments passed laws to regulate public morals

• restricted prostitution and begging

• restricted the celebration of Carnival

• public punishments: stocks, charivari

What was carnival?

• catholic celebration that often included extreme consumerism

What was the increase in leisure and what were the effects?

• with economic prosperity came more leisure time

• blood sports: boxing, jousting, animal fighting

• saints day festivals

What was the witchcraft craze?

• witchcraft: evidence of a pact with the devil and should be feared and extinguished

  • weather and disease were the work of witches

• surge of trials and executions

  • witches were a threat to the church

• 40-60,000 people executed for witchcraft

• most witches were women

  • due to their lack of moral fortitude compared to men

• mostly in the HRE due to social upheaval

What was context for the shifts in art?

• during times of protestant reformation religious themes began to rise again

What was mannerism?

• style: distorted figures, violated laws of perspective

  • portrayed intense suffering and emotion

Who was El Greco?

• mannerist painter

• used less idealized figures and dull colors to give an intense feeling of anxiety

• View of Toldedo

What was Baroque?

• synthesis of the classical renaissance ideals and the rise of religion

• emphasis on the emotion through classical proportions

• style: extravagent, ornate, detailed, emotional, dramatic

Why was baroque art commissioned by the catholic church?

• way to consolidate their power and display their grandeur

Who was Paul Peter Rubens?

• baroque painter

• intense emotion, accurate proportion, religious themes

• the Elevation of the Cross

Who was Bernini?

• baroque architect

• detailed sculptures with drama and intensity

• commissioned for parts of St. Peter’s Basilica