Biology Ch 09: Anatomy, Joints & Movements Terms

Define a joint

is the place of contact between bones, between bone and cartilage, or between bones and teeth.

compare the structural and the functional classification of joints.

Structural:

1) fibrous joint: has no joint cavity and occurs where bones are held together by dense regular connective tissue

2) cartilaginous: has no joint cavity and occurs where bones are joined by cartilage.

3) synovial: has a joint cavity that separates the articulating surfaces of the bones. are enclosed within a connective tissue capsule.

Functional

1) synarthrosis: joined together is an immobile joint

2) amphiarthrosis: is a slightly mobile joint.

3) diarthrosis: is a freely mobile joint

Explain the inverse relationship between mobility and stability within a joint

The more mobile a joint, the less stable the joint. then the less mobile the joint the more stable the joint is.

Describe the structure and identify locations of gomphoses.

resembles a peg in a socket. the only gomphoses in the human body are the roots of teeth.

Describe the structure and identify locations of sutures.

fibrous joints found only between certain bones of the skull. are classified as synarthroses since they are immobile joints.

Describe the structure and identify locations of syndesmoses

a fibrous joint in which articulating bones are joined by long strands of dense regular connective tissue. allows for slight mobility it classifies as amphiarthroses. Is found between the radius and the ulna as well as the tibia and fibula.

Describe the structure and identify locations of synchondroses.

bones are joined by hyaline cartilage. since it is immobile it is classified as synarthroses. found between the body of the sphenoid and the basilar part of the occipital bone.

Describe the structure and function of smphyses

a pad of fibrocartilage between the articulating bones. resists both compression and tension stresses and acts as a resilient shock absorber. located between the right and left pubic bones.

Describe the general anatomy of a synovial joint

it is separated by a space called a joint cavity, and are classified as diarthroses because they freely move.

Describe the composition and function of synovial fluid in a typical synovial joint.

composed of oily substance located within a synovial joint. it is a product of both synovial membrane cells and the filtrate formed from blood plasma. It has three functions lubricates, nourishes the chondrocytes, and acts as a shock absorber.

Explain the movement of a joint with respect to the three perpendicular axes of space.

uniaxial: the bone moves in just one plane or axis

biaxial: bone moves in two planes or axes

multiaxial: bones moves in multiple planes or axes

Compare and contrast the structure, movement permitted, and locations of six types of synovial joints.

plane joint: simplest synovial articulation and the least mobile type of diarthrosis. usually only limits side to side movements in a single plane.

hinge joint: formed by the convex surface of one articulating bone fitting into a concave depression on the other bone in the joint. movement is confined to a single axis

pivot joint: uniaxial joint which one articulating bone with a rounded surface fits into a ring formed ligament and another bone. the first bone rotates on its longitudinal axis relative to the second bone.

condylar: biaxial joint with an oval, convex surface on one bone that articulates with a concave articular surface on the second bone of the joint.

saddle joint: articular surfaces of the bones have convex and concave regions that resemble the shape of a saddle.

ball and socket joint: multuaxial joints in which the spherical articulatiing head of one bone fits into the rounded cuplike socket of a second bone.

Describe gliding motion, and name joints in which it occurs.

a simple movement in which two opposing surfaces slide back and forth or side to side with respect to another. Ex carpals or the tarsals.

compare and contrast the specific types of angular motion, including examples of joints that perform angular motion.

flexion: is movement in an anterior posterior plane of the body that decreases the angle between the bones. Ex bending fingers towards the palm to make a fist.

extension: movement in an anterior-posterior plane that increases the angle between the articulating bones. Ex straightening the fingers after making a fist.

lateral flexion: occurs when the truck of the body moves in a coronal plane. occurs primarily between the vertebrae in the cervical lumbar regions.

abduction:lateral movement of a body part away from the body midline. Ex when your toes are spread appart

adduction: medial movement of a body part towards the body midline. Ex fingers towards the middle of the hand.

circumduction: sequence of movements in which the proximal end of an appendage remains stationary while the distal end makes a circular motion. Ex arm or leg

Compare and contrast the different types of rotational motion, and name joints where each type of movement occurs

rotation: pivoting motion in which a bone turns on its own longitudinal axis. (saying no)

lateral rotation: turns the anterior surface of the femur or humerus laterally

medial rotation: turns the anterior surface of the femur or humerus medially.

Pronation: the medial rotation of the forearm so that the palm of the hand is directed posteriorly or inferiority.

supination: occurs when the forearm rotates laterally so that the palm faces anteriorly or superiorly

explain what is meant by special movements, and give examples of joints at which the occur.

depression: is the inferior movement of a part of the body ( opening mouth)

elevation: the superior movement of a body part ( closing mouth)

dorsiflexion: occurs when the anle joint is bent such that the superior surface of the foot and the toes moves towards the leg.

plantar flexion: a movement of the foot at the talocrural joint so that the toes point inferiorly.

eversion: the sole of the foot turns to face laterally or outwards.

inversion: the foot turns medially or inward during inversion.

protraction: the anterior movement of a body part from anatomic position.

retraction: posteriorly directed movement of a body part from the anatomic position.

opposition: the thumb moves towards the palmar tips of the fingers as it crosses the palm of the hand.

reposition: opposite of opposition

describe the components of a lever

an elongated rigid object that rotates around a fixed point called the fulcrum. have the ability to alter the speed and distance of movement produced by force. contains effort and resistance

compare and contrast the three types of levers in the human body.

first class: has a fulcrum in the middle, between the effort and the resistance.

second class: between the fulcrum and the applied effort. (left)

third class: is noted when the effort is applied between the resistance and the fulcrum. (right)

describe the features and list the movements of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ)

the articulation formed at the point where the head of the mandible articulated with the temporal bone. only mobile joint between bones in the skull. Side to side and up and down.

describe the structure of three individual joints that make up the shoulder articulation

sternoclavicular joint: saddle joint formed by the articulation between the manubrium and the sternum. wide range of movement depression, elevation, and circumduction.

acromioclavicular joint: a plane joint between the acromion of the scapula and the lateral end of the clavicle. give limb full range of motion.

glenohumeral joint: commonly referred to as the shoulder joint. a ball-and-socket joint formed by the articulation of the head of the humerus and the glenoid cavity of the scapula. greatest range of motion of any joint in the body.

compare and contrast the mobility and stability of the three joints that make up the shoulder articulation.

1.most stable

2.can be repaied by pooping the humerus back into the cavity so semi stable

3. least stable gets the most dislocated

describe the anatomy of and movements permitted at the elbow joint

a hinge joint composed of articulation (1) humeroulnar joint (2) humeroradial joint. extremly stable

describe the anatomy of and movements permitted at the hip jointe

articulation between the head of the femur and the relatively deep, concave acetabulum of the os coxae. much more seubstantial and more stable than that of the gelohumeral joint, and less mobile.

explain why the hip joint is more stable than the glenohumeral joint

the hip joints increased stability means that it is less mobile than the gelnohumeral joint.

describe the anatomy of and movements permitted at the knee joint

the largest most complex diarthrosis of the body. a hinge join but when the knee is flexed it is also capable of slight rotation.

describe the anatomy of and movements permitted at the talocrural joint.

highly modified hinge joint that permits both dorsiflexion and plantar flexion of the foot at the ankle.the medial and lateral melleolu of the tibia and fibual prevent the tals from sliding side to side.

explain how the three major types of joints form in the embryo and fetus

the mesenchyme around the developing bone differentiates into dense regular connective tissue, where as the cartilaginous joints it differentiates either into fibrocartilage or hayline cartilage.

describe some of the common age-related changes in joints

the primary problem that develops in an againg joint is osteoarthritis. the damage can have various causes but it usually results from cumulative wear and tear of a joint surface.