CH. 16 Lymphatic System

Functions of the lymphatic system

Fluid balance fat absorption and immune defense

Interstitial fluid

Leaked fluid that baths your cells and oxygen and nutrients and helps collect waste, once done it returns to the blood

Lymphatic capillaries

Open ended tubes located in almost every tissue, suck up remaining three liters of interstitial fluid each day

Lymphatic vessels

Similar to veins in terms of tunic structure and pressure of valves, dump lymph into the bloodstream at veins in the neck

Lymph nodes

filter lymph

Lacteals

Specialized lymphatic capillaries in the intestines, suck up dietary lipids and send them through lymph vessels and nodes

Primary lymphatic organs

Where lymphocytes develop and mature in the red bone marrow

B cells

Produce antibodies which help neutralize pathogens like bacteria and viruses, developed in bone marrow

T cells

Help regulate immune responses and directly attacked infected or abnormal cells, developed in the thymus

Secondary lymphatic organs

Staging grounds for assaults against pathogens infect the body, includes lymph nodes spleen and lymphatic nodules

Lymph nodes

Located in axillary, cervical, pelvic and inguinal regions. lymph filters with immune cells that remove debris and pathogens from lymph

spleen

Fragile organ in the upper left quadrant. Blood reservoir for your body. Filter with immune cells which remove pathogens and damaged erythrocytes. Other cells and immune system if infection occurs

Lymphatic nodules

clusters of lymphocytes

Tonsils

Found in throat that protect from pathogens entering the nose or mouth

crypts

Folds to house pathogens for immunization

MALTs

Lymphatic nodules associated with mucus lining of gastrointestinal tract

Peyer’s patches

In the interest in another in appendix. type of MALT

Innate immune response

Part of the body's most basic defense mechanisms. Response but always works to protect against things. ex: skin protects keratinized cells

lysozyme

Destroys bacteria by ingesting cell walls

phagocyte

cell that eats things like bacteria. first line of immunological defense

Macrophages

Most versatile phagocytes in the body. Rome throughout body until signaled. And reinforcements called by cytokines

Neutrophil

phagocyte that follows cytokine trails, leading them out of the bloodstream and into the infection site

Natural killer cells (NK cells)

Type of lymphocyte with the ability to induce apoptosis when your cells misbehave. Effective against virally infected cells

Apoptosis

Programmed cell death

Tissue injury

When cells are hurt/destroyed, they release their contents which results in another cell releasing histamine

Vasodilation

Cook histamine is a vasodilator. Increases the diameter of capillaries around the injury. This caused increased blood flow and is responsible for the heat and redness of inflamed tissue

Increased vascular permeability

capillaries become more permeable causing more fluid to leak into the interstitial space resulting in edema. associated with inflammation

Recruitment of phagocytes

Tissue injury also attracts neutrophils which consume pathogens which forms pus. monocytes help clean debris

Adaptive immune response

Specifically recognizes and makes a response against a variety of pathogens

Antigens

Small chemical groups associated with pathogens, recognized by receptors on the surface of B and T lymphocytes

Primary adaptive response

Immune systems first exposure to a pathogen

Secondary adaptive response

Generated upon re-exposure to the same pathogen. Stronger and faster than primary. Eliminates a pathogen before it can cause significant damage

Immunological memory

Protects us from getting diseases repeatedly from the same pathogen

Self recognition

Ability to distinguish between self antigens and non-self antigens

self marker

(MHC) Labels the body cells as a friend in our tolerated by immune system

Helper T cells

Conductors in an immune symphony. secrete cytokines that stimulate other cells to make an immune response. Really important role in the overall functioning

Cytotoxic T cells

Kill target sales by inducing apoptosis

Regulatory T cells

Aka Suppressor T cells, suppress T cells

Antibodies

Proteins that bind specifically to pathogen associated molecules (antigens)

Plasma cell

b cell has differentiated in response to antigen binding and then creates soluble antibodies

Active immunity

Development of an immune response in the infected individual

Passive immunity

Transfer of immune components from an immune individual to a non immune one

Naturally acquired active immunity

Response to a pathogen. Infects then gets fought off

Artificially acquired active immunity

Involve use of vaccines

Naturally acquired passive immunity

Seen in fetal development, when antibodies are transferred from maternal circulation to the fetus via placenta

Artificially acquired passive immunity

Involves injection of antibodies taken from animals previously exposed to a specific pathogen

Primary lymphatic organs include

Bone marrow, thymus. Responsible for initial development and maturation of immune cells before they migrate to other parts of the body

Secondary lymphatic organs include

Lymph nodes, spleen, mucosa associated lymphoid tissue

spleen

Plays a role in blood filtration, immune response, blood storage, fluid balance

inflammation

prevents further injury, removes toxins, repairs tissue damage, fights infections

active natural

Getting a cold and recovering from it is an example of _____ immunity

antigens

An important feature of the immune system is self-recognition: its ability to recognize the _____  on the surface of your cells as those that are normally present in the body, and not foreign.

macrophages

Which of the following immune cells are “sentinels” that just wander around eating stuff, calling in reinforcements only when necessary?

inflammatory

One of the benefits of the _____ response is vasodilation, which draws a lot more blood to the site of the injury or infection

interstital

The fluid that leaks out of capillary walls is called “_____ fluid

innate

The _____ immune response reacts rapidly to signs of infection in the body, however, it is nonspecific (i.e., not "targeted" to a specific strain of virus or bacteria), so it is not always effective

fluid balance

The three major functions of the lymphatic system are immunity, fat absorption, and ___

t cells

The most important cell of the immune system is the _____. This specialized cell can target and fight very specific strains of disease, and occurs in a variety of functional types that help govern how your immune system operates.

tonsils

Which lymphatic structures have small folds that actually encourage pathogens to invade (so that they can trap, analyze, and destroy them)?

NK cells

Which of the following immune cells have a "helper" variation, that can actually repress your immune system when needed, so it does not get out of control?