THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM -- PREGNANCY

24 hours

An egg must be fertilized within ___________ of ovulation if it is to survive

capacitation

Sperm must go through ___________ to fertilize an egg

one sperm

Many sperm may be needed to break through the cells surrounding the egg. Only ______________ will be allowed to penetrate the egg—the rest will be rejected.

acrosomal enzymes

FERTILIZATION PROCESS:

1. A capacitated sperm releases _______________________ to penetrate through cells surrounding the egg.

2. A sperm _________ with the egg’s plasma membrane.

3. Granules form a ________________ as soon as a sperm enters the egg.

1 = ?

fuses

FERTILIZATION PROCESS:

1. A capacitated sperm releases _______________________ to penetrate through cells surrounding the egg.

2. A sperm _________ with the egg’s plasma membrane.

3. Granules form a ________________ as soon as a sperm enters the egg.

2 = ?

fertilization membrane

FERTILIZATION PROCESS:

1. A capacitated sperm releases _______________________ to penetrate through cells surrounding the egg.

2. A sperm _________ with the egg’s plasma membrane.

3. Granules form a ________________ as soon as a sperm enters the egg.

3 = ?

nucleus

The nuclei of the sperm and egg rupture, the chromosomes mix, and a new __________ forms.

mitotic divisions

The zygote undergoes _________________ on its way to the uterus

six days

The blastocyst implants in the lining of the uterus _________ after fertilization.

blastocyst

The developing fertilized egg will be called:

• A _____________ from implantation to week 3

embryo

The developing fertilized egg will be called:

• An _____________ from weeks 3 to 9

fetus

The developing fertilized egg will be called:

• A _______ from week 9 until birth

Gestation

• (the time from fertilization to birth) is 266 days, or 280 days from the start of last menstrual period.

fertilized egg, the corpus luteum, and the placenta, along with other endocrine glands

Hormones are made by the _________________________________________ during a pregnancy

placenta

• temporary organ that only develops during pregnancy; located at attached to the wall of the uterus provides oxygen, nutrients, removes waste from the fetal blood

HCG, estrogen, progesterone, HCS, thyroid hormone, PTH, ACTH, glucocorticoids, and aldosterone

The hormones that control a pregnancy include:

Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin

• detected in PT, made by the placenta

• uterine lining thickens to support the fetus

• tells your body to stop menstruating

• highest at week 8-10

• From the developing blastocyst causes the corpus luteum to continue to secrete estrogen and progesterone

HCG (Human Placental Lactogen)

• made by placenta

• helps the body prepare for breastfeeding

• regulates metabolism and insulin sensitivit

Estrogen levels

• Rise to 30 times normal during a pregnancy

• Breasts to double in size, encourages external genitalia and uterus to grow, causes uterus to be more irritable (prone to contract), and causes pubic symphysis to become more elastic

Progesterone

• Suppresses FSH and LH secretion so that no additional eggs are developed during the pregnancy.

• Suppresses uterine contractions, promotes a rich lining of the uterus for the developing blastocyst and embryo to feed upon, and promotes the development of mammary glands and ducts.

pressure

Many of the body systems are affected by the pregnancy hormones and the growing fetus’s _____________ on the female anatomy.

300 calories

Only an additional ___________________ are required to sustain a pregnancy

folic acid, calcium, protein, and iron

A balanced diet rich in ___________________________________________ is essential for a pregnancy

parturition

The fetus has a role in the timing of ________. The hormones involved in initiating parturition lead to a positive feedback mechanism that ends with the birth of the baby.

Stage 1

begins with regular uterine contractions in which the cervical canal widens (dilation) and the cervix thins (effacement).

10 cm

Stage 1 ends when the cervical canal reaches _____ (the diameter of a fetal head).

amniotic sac

In stage 1, the ____________, in which the fetus floats, often ruptures during this stage.

breaking of the waters

the rupturing of the amniotic sac is known as:

Stage 2

• Stage the baby is expelled.

• The crowning of the baby’s head is usually seen first

episiotomy

In Stage 2, a doctor may make an incision in perineum to widen the vaginal opening. It is angled away from her anus to prevent the perineum tearing into her anus as the baby is born.

Stage 3

• The placenta detaches from uterus and is expelled during this stage

• Further contractions of the uterus ensure that all of the placenta and its associated membranes (afterbirth) are expelled.

• These contractions also help close blood vessels that had led to the placenta.

350 mL

In stage 3, about _____________ of blood is normally lost when the placenta detaches.

prolactin

Throughout the pregnancy, estrogen and progesterone suppress the effects of ____________

stimulates milk production

Once the placenta is delivered and the source of estrogen and progesterone is gone, prolactin ___________________

colostrum

Milk production is preceded in the first few days after birth by _______________c

colostrum

first form of milk produced by mothers immediately after birth; nutrient-rich and contains antibodies

oxytocin

Suckling on the breast causes _________ release and the milk ejection reflex. Prolactin levels surge with each feeding to ensure ample milk production to meet the baby’s needs.

good nutrition

The many reasons for nursing include the following:

a. Breast milk provides _______________.

b. ________________ present in breast milk provide the baby some immunity.

c. The milk has a ______________ on the baby.

d. Breast milk helps ________________________ in the baby’s intestines.

a = ?

Antibodies

The many reasons for nursing include the following:

a. Breast milk provides _______________.

b. ________________ present in breast milk provide the baby some immunity.

c. The milk has a ______________ on the baby.

d. Breast milk helps ________________________ in the baby’s intestines.

b = ?

laxative effect

The many reasons for nursing include the following:

a. Breast milk provides _______________.

b. ________________ present in breast milk provide the baby some immunity.

c. The milk has a ______________ on the baby.

d. Breast milk helps ________________________ in the baby’s intestines.

c = ?

colonize helpful bacteria

The many reasons for nursing include the following:

a. Breast milk provides _______________.

b. ________________ present in breast milk provide the baby some immunity.

c. The milk has a ______________ on the baby.

d. Breast milk helps ________________________ in the baby’s intestines.

d = ?

Ectopic pregnancy

occurs if the fertilized egg implants anywhere other than in the uterus

Preeclampsia

• pregnancy-induced hypertension accompanied by protein in the urine.

• can lead to serious, potentially fatal consequences for the mother and the baby

Placental abruption

placenta becomes prematurely detached from the uterine wall

Placenta previa

the placenta is positioned over the cervix, blocking the opening to the uterus

Gravidity (gravida)

Number of pregnancies a woman has had regardless of the outcome

Parity (para)

Number of deliveries after 20 weeks gestation; can be TPAL (Term, Preterm, Abortion, Living Children)

Category A

• adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women have failed to demonstrate a risk to the fetus in the first trimester of pregnancy

Category A examples

• Doxylamine

• Folic Acid

• Levothyroxine

Category B

• animal reproduction studies have failed to demonstrate a risk to the fetus and there are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women

• animal reproduction studies have shown adverse effects, but well-controlled studies in pregnant women have shown no adverse effects to the fetus

Category B Example

• Amoxicillin

• Loratadine

• Ondansetron

Category C

• Animal reproduction studies have shown an adverse effect on the fetus

• There are no animal reproduction studies and no well-controlled studies in humans

Category C Examples

• Fluconazole

• Metoprolol

• Sertraline

Category D

• positive evidence of fetal risk, but benefits may outweigh risks

Category D Examples

• Lisinopril

• Lithium

• Phenytoin

Category X

• positive evidence of fetal risk, and risks clearly outweigh any possible benefit

Category X

• Methotrexate

• Simvastatin

• Warfarin

• Thalidomide

Phocomelia

• a rare congenital anomaly where the proximal aspect of an extremity is absent with the hand or foot attached directly to the trunk

• caused as a side of thalidomide