Anatomy and Physiology Ch. 11 - Nervous System Divisions

the central nervous system consists of the ________________.

brain and spinal chord

meninges

membranes that lie between bone and soft tissues of nervous system to protect the brain and spinal chord

the meninges have ____ layers.

3

what are the layers of the meninges?

dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

dura mater

- tough outermost layer of dense connective tissue

- dural sinuses and epidural space

arachnoid mater

middle web like layer

the subarachnoid space contains __________________.

cerebral spinal fluid

pia mater

- inner most layer attached to surface of brain and spinal chord

- nourishes CNS

- has blood vessels and nerves

the cerebral spinal fluid is produced in 4 ____________.

ventricles

what are the 4 ventricles?

2 lateral ventricles

3rd ventricle

4th ventricle

what connects the third ventricle to the lateral ventricles?

interventricular foramina

what connects the third and fourth ventricles?

cerebral aqueduct

cerebral spinal fluid is secreted by the _________________.

choroid plexuses

choroid plexuses

capillaries of pia mater covered by ependymal cells

arachnoid granulations

absorb csf after substance exchange

what is the approximate volume of cerebral spinal fluid in the brain?

140 mL

traumatic brain injury

result of mechanical force such as a fall, attack, accident, sports injury

concussion

mild traumatic brain injury that typically results from a one time injury and has no lasting effects

chronic traumatic encephalopathy

- sports related

- mild repetitive traumatic brain injury

- results from many small injuries over time

- symptoms begin years later and have long-lasting effects on memory and behavior

blast related brain injury

- severe traumatic brain injury

- results from explosions in combat

- leads to cognitive decline years after industry

the neural tube gives rise to ____________.

central nervous system

what are the 3 vesicles of the brain?

forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain

the forebrain becomes _________________.

cerebrum, basal nuclei, and diencephalon

the midbrain is also known as the __________________.

mesencephalon

the hindbrain becomes ___________________.

cerebellum, pons, medulla oblongata

what are the major parts of the adult brain?

cerebrum, diencephalon, cerebellum, brainstem

what is the largest part of the brain?

cerebrum

the cerebral hemispheres are separated by the ______________.

falx cerebri

corpus callosum

connects cerebral hemispheres

gyri

ridges of the brain

sulci

shallow grooves that separate gyri

fissures

deep grooves in the brain

the forebrain divides into the ________________________.

telencephalon and diencephalon

the hindbrain divides into the ________________________.

metencephalon and myencephalon

the hindbrain is also known as the _______________.

rhombencephalon

the forebrain is also known as the ______________.

prosencephalon

what are the 5 lobes of the cerebrum?

frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, insula

cerebral cortex

thin layer of gray matter that makes up outer layer of cerebrum

the cerebral cortex contains _______ percent of neuron cell bodies in nervous system.

75

which type of matter makes up most of the cerebrum?

white matter

white matter contains bundles of __________________ that connect neurons in cerebral cortex to other parts of the nervous system.

myelinated axons

the cerebral cortex is responsible for _____________________.

higher mental functions

functions of cerebral cortex

- interpreting impulses from sensory organs

- storing information as memory

- retrieving stored information

- reasoning

- initiating voluntary movements

- intelligence and personality

cutaneous sensory area

- parietal lobe

- interprets sensations on skin

sensory speech area

- temporal/parietal lobe (left hemisphere)

- understanding and formulating language

the sensory speech area is also known as ________________.

Wernicke's area

visual area

- occipital lobe

- interprets vision

auditory area

- temporal lobe

- interprets hearing

sensory area for taste

- base of central sulcus

- part of insula

sensory area for smell

arises from centers deep within temporal lobes

association areas of cerebral cortex

- analyze and interpret sensory experiences

- memory, reasoning, verbalization, judgement, emotions

frontal lobe association areas

concentration, planning, complex problem solving, emotional behavior, judging behavioral consequences

parietal lobe association areas

understanding speech, choosing words to express thoughts and feelings

temporal lobe association areas

interpreting complex sensory experiences, store memories of visual scenes, music, and complex patterns

occipital lobe association areas

analyze and combine visual images with other sensory experiences

insula association

translating sensory information into proper emotional responses

what lobe is the primary motor cortex located in?

frontal lobe

the primary motor cortex controls ___________________.

voluntary muscles

motor speech area

- left frontal lobe

- controls muscles needed for speech

the motor speech area is also known as ____________.

Broca's area

frontal eye field

controls voluntary eye movements

which cerebral hemisphere is dominant in most people?

left

what does the dominant cerebral hemisphere control?

- language skills of speech, writing, reading

- verbal, analytical, and computational skills

what does the non-dominant hemisphere control?

- nonverbal tasks, motor tasks involving orientation in space, understanding and interpreting music and visual patterns

- provides emotion and intuitive thought processes

what are the 2 types of memory?

short term and long term

short term memory

neurons are connected in a circuit, circuit is stimulated over and over, when impulse flow stops so does memory

memory consolidation

transfer of short term memory to long term memory

long term memory

- more memory than short term and is permanent

- changes structure/function of neurons by increasing branching to make new synaptic connections

long-term potentiation

increase in neurotransmitter release and effectiveness of synaptic transmission among repeated simulation

basal nuclei

- masses of gray matter deep within cerebral hemispheres

- help control voluntary movement

what do the basal nuclei produce?

dopamine

what are the parts of the basal nuclei?

caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus

parts of diencephalon

thalamus, hypothalamus, optic tracts, optic chiasma, infundibulum, posterior pituitary, mammillary bodies, pineal gland

what kind of matter is the diencephalon composed of?

gray matter

thalamus

receives all sensory impulses, channels impulses to cerebral cortex

hypothalamus

- maintains homeostasis

- regulates visceral activities

- links nervous and endocrine systems

limbic system

- several structures in various parts of brain, includes diencephalon

- controls emotional responses, feelings, behavior oriented toward survival, reacts to potential life threatening upsets

the brainstem connects the brain to the ________________.

spinal chord

what are the parts of the brainstem?

midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

midbrain

- short section of brainstem between diencephalon and pons

- contains bundles of fibers that join lower parts of brainstem/spinal chord with higher parts of brain

cerebral aqueduct

connects the third and fourth ventricles

cerebral peduncles

main motor pathways that connect cerebrum to lower portions of nervous system

corpora quadrigemina

center for visual and auditory reflexes

red nucleus

role in postural reflexes

pons

rounded bulge on underside of brainstem between midbrain and medulla oblongata

functions of pons

- relays nerve impulses between medulla oblongata and cerebrum

- relays impulses from cerebrum to cerebellum

- regulates breathing rhythm

medulla oblongata

enlarged continuation of spinal chord

functions of medulla oblongata

- ascending and descending impulses between brain and spinal chord

- cardiac, vasomotor, and respiratory control centers

- nonvital reflex control centers

injuries to the medulla oblongata are often ___________.

fatal

reticular formation

- complex network of nerve fibers scattered through brainstem

- extends into diencephalon and connects to centers of hypothalamus, basal nuclei, cerebellum, and cerebrum

functions of reticular formation

- filters incoming sensory information by passing some to cerebral cortex and discarding unimportant information

- arouses cerebral cortex into state of being awake

- decreased activity causes sleep

what are the types of sleep?

non-rapid eye movement sleep and rapid eye movement sleep

non-rapid eye movement sleep

- slow wave sleep

- person is tired

- restful and dreamless

- reduced blood pressure and breathing rate

- 3 stages

- decreased activity of reticular formation

rapid eye movement sleep

- dreaming

- irregular heart and respiratory rates

- some areas of brain are active

cerebellum

- inferior to occipital lobes and dorsal to pons and medulla oblongata

- hemispheres connected by vermis and separated by falx cerebelli

functions of cerebellum

- integrates sensory information concerning position of body parts

- coordinates skeletal muscle activity

- maintains posture

- interacts with other parts of cerebral cortex

brain waves

electrical activity in the brain

how are brain waves recorded?

EEG (electroencephalogram)

what are the 4 types of brain waves?

alpha, beta, theta, delta

alpha waves

awake, resting, eyes closed