Substituted Hydrocarbons and Their Reactions

Flashcards covering vocabulary terms related to substituted hydrocarbons and their reactions.

Functional Group

An atom or group of atoms that always reacts in a certain way in an organic molecule.

Halocarbon

Any organic compound that contains a halogen substituent.

Alkyl Halide

An organic compound containing a halogen atom covalently bonded to an aliphatic carbon atom.

Aryl Halide

An organic compound containing a halogen atom bonded to a benzene ring or other aromatic group.

Plastic

A polymer that can be heated and molded while relatively soft.

Substitution Reaction

A reaction in which one atom or a group of atoms in a molecule is replaced by another atom or group of atoms.

Halogenation

Substitution of a chlorine atom for one of ethane’s hydrogen atoms.

Hydroxyl Group

An oxygen-hydrogen group covalently bonded to a carbon atom (–OH).

Alcohol

An organic compound in which a hydroxyl group replaces a hydrogen atom of a hydrocarbon; general formula is ROH.

Denatured Alcohol

Ethanol to which small amounts of noxious materials have been added to make it unfit to drink.

Ether

An organic compound containing an oxygen atom bonded to two carbon atoms; general formula is ROR'.

Amine

Contain nitrogen atoms bonded to carbon atoms in aliphatic chains or aromatic rings and have the general formula RNH2.

Carbonyl Group

The arrangement in which an oxygen atom is double-bonded to a carbon atom.

Aldehyde

An organic compound in which a carbonyl group located at the end of a carbon chain is bonded to a carbon atom on one side and a hydrogen atom on the other; general formula *CHO.

Ketone

An organic compound in which the carbon of the carbonyl group is bonded to two other carbon atoms; general formula R–CO–R'.

Carboxylic Acid

An organic compound that has a carboxyl group.

Carboxyl Group

Consists of a carbonyl group bonded to a hydroxyl group.

Ester

Any organic compound with a carboxyl group in which the hydrogen of the hydroxyl group has been replaced by an alkyl group.

Amide

An organic compound in which the –OH group of a carboxylic acid is replaced by a nitrogen atom bonded to other atoms.

Condensation Reaction

Two smaller organic molecules combine to form a more complex molecule, accompanied by the loss of a small molecule such as water.

Elimination Reaction

A reaction in which a combination of atoms is removed from two adjacent carbon atoms, forming an additional bond between them.

Dehydrogenation Reaction

A reaction that eliminates two hydrogen atoms.

Dehydration Reaction

An elimination reaction in which the atoms removed form water.

Addition Reaction

Results when other atoms bond to each of two atoms bonded by double or triple covalent bonds.

Hydration Reaction

An addition reaction in which a hydrogen atom and a hydroxyl group from a water molecule add to a double or triple bond.

Hydrogenation Reaction

A reaction that involves the addition of hydrogen to atoms in a double or triple bond.

Polymer

Large molecules consisting of many repeating structural units.

Monomer

A molecule from which a polymer is made.

Polymerization Reaction

A reaction in which monomer units are bonded together to form a polymer.

Addition Polymerization

All of the atoms present in the monomers are retained in the polymer product.

Condensation Polymerization

Monomers containing at least two functional groups combine with the loss of a small by-product, usually water.

Thermoplastic Polymer

One that can be melted and molded repeatedly into shapes that are retained when cooled.

Thermosetting Polymer

One that can be molded when it is first prepared, but after it cools, it cannot be remelted.