HUN1201 Final Exam FSU Maier

What is a function of hydrochloric acid in the stomach?
a. It inhibits peristalsis
b. it neutralizes the food mass
c. it prevents relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter
d. it absorbs water
e. it creates an optimum acidity

e. it creates an optimum acidity

The gastrointestinal microbiome is comprised primarily of ____.
a. probiotics
b. viruses
c. mucosa
d. bacteria
e. villi

d. bacteria

During digestion, bicarbonate is produced by_____,the purpose of bicarbonate is to___________.
a. pancreas; neutralize pH
b. pancreas; decrease pH
c. small intestine; neutralize pH
d. liver; neutralize pH

a. Pancreas; neutralize pH

What is the function of mucus in the stomach?
a. it protects stomach cells from gastric juice
b. it neutralizes stomach acid
c. it activates pepsinogen to pepsin
d. it absorbs essential nutrients
e. it emulsifies fats

a. it protects stomach cells from gastric juice

What is chyme?
a. a mixture of partially digested food, water, and gastric juices
b. healthy bacteria of the small intestine
c. a substance that allows for the emulsification of dietary lipid
d. an ulceration of the esophageal lining

a. a mixture of partially digested food, water, and gastric juices

Fiber is absorbed in the small intestine
a. true
b. false

b. false

One function of the gallbladder is to ____.
a. reabsorb water and salts
b. removes toxins from the body
c. store bile
d. perform enzymatic digestion
e. produce bile

c. store bile

What structure prevents reflux of stomach contents?
a. upper esophageal sphincter
b. lower esophageal sphincter
c. pepsinogen
d. duodenum
e. gastric mucosa

b. lower esophageal sphincter

Which of the following is a feature of peristalsis?
a. It may occur unpredictably but is typically in response to a full stomach.
b. It occurs at powerful levels in the small intestine but not at all in the colon.
c. Its rate is consistent throughout the GI tract.
d. It occurs when longitudinal muscles oppose the action of transverse muscles.
e. It is caused by alternate tightening and relaxing of circular and longitudinal muscles.

e. It is caused by alternate tightening and relaxing of circular and longitudinal muscles.

One function of sphincter muscles is to ____.
a. secrete digestive juices into the GI tract
b. grind large food particles
c. trigger hormone release
d. control the passage of food through the GI tract
e. control peristalsis

d. control the passage of food through the GI tract

What is the function of bile?
a. It enhances absorption of complex carbohydrates.
b. It protects the stomach and small intestine from the action of hydrochloric acid.
c. It emulsifies fats.
d. It initiates digestion of protein.
e. It stimulates the absorption of vitamins and minerals.

c. It emulsifies fats.

Bile is produced by the:
a. stomach
b. gallbladder
c. pancreas
d. liver

d. liver

​The hepatic portal vein empties into the ____.
a. liver
b. pancreas
c. spleen
d. heart
e. hepatic vein

a. liver

What is the normal pH of the gastric juice?
a. 3
b. 7
c. 4
d. 2
e. 1

d. 2

What best describes the normal pH of the stomach?
a. very acidic
b. very alkaline
c. neutral
d. slightly alkaline
e. slightly acidic

a. very acidic

Which part of the GI tract contains highly acidic digestive juices?
a. rectum
b. ileum
c. duodenum
d. stomach
e. colon

d. stomach

In which form are most dietary lipids found?
a. polyglycerides
b. glycerols
c. triglycerides
d. monoglycerides
e. sterols

c. triglycerides

Chylomicrons are synthesized within the ____.
a. liver
b. storage compartment of plant seeds
c. lymphatic system
d. intestinal cells
e. spleen

d. intestinal cells

What is a common dietary saturated fatty acid?
a. oleic acid
b. lineolic acid
c. linolenic acid
d. stearic acid
e arachidonic acid

d. stearic acid

Which product is considered a major source of polyunsaturated fat?
a. chicken fat
b. corn oil
c. olive oil
d. palm oil
e. peanut oil

b. corn oil

Which lipid is an essential nutrient?
a. lecithin
b. cholesterol
c. adipokine
d. linoleic acid
e. stearic acid

d. linoleic acid

Which product provides abundant amounts of omega-3 fatty acids?
a. palm oil
b. corn oil
c. walnut oil
d. flaxseed oil
e. soybean oil

d. flaxseed oil

Which of the following is a good source of omega-3 fat?
a. soy beans
b. coconut
c. ice cream
d. salmon
e. olives

d. salmon

In comparison to a low-density lipoprotein, a high-density lipoprotein contains ____.
a. more cholesterol
b. less protein
c. more carbohydrate
d. less lipid
e. more triglyceride

d. less lipid

In the digestion of fats, ______ acts as emulsifier.
a. chylomicrons
b. cholesterol
c. enzymes
d. bile
e. hormones

d. bile

Which food contains cholesterol?
a. corn
b. roasted turkey
c. roasted peanuts
d. boiled potatoes
e. olives

b. roasted turkey

Bile is known to assist in the absorption of ____.
a. minerals
b. fat
c. carbohydrate
d. vitamins
e. protein

b. fat

Lipids differ in their degree of saturation or unsaturation due to their number of ____.
a. peptide linkages
b. double bonds
c. saccharide units
d. amino acids
e. oxygen atoms

b. double bonds

Which item is an essential amino acid?
a. serine
b. glutamine
c. leucine
d. cysteine
e. alanine

c. leucine

The application of heat or acid to a protein that causes its shape to change is known as ____.
a. hydrolization
b. condensation
c. stiffening
d. denaturation
e. destabilization

d. denaturation

What percentage of total food energy should protein provide?
a. 40-50%
b. 10-35%
c. 5-10%
d. 20%

b. 10-35%

When amino acids are deaminated, the immediate products are ammonia and often a ____.
a. keto acid
b. uric acid
c. folic acid
d. gulch acid
e. photo acid

a. keto acid

When two amino acids are chemically joined together, the resulting structure is called a ____.
a. polypeptide
b. polysaccharide
c. diglyceride
d. dipeptide
e. disaccharide

d. dipeptide

Which item is a nonessential amino acid in human nutrition?
a. tryptophan
b. threonine
c. phenylalanine
d. methionine
e. proline

e. proline

In general, the protein quality in grains would be most improved by the addition of a plant protein ____.
a. methionine
b. tryptophan
c. phenylalanine
d. lysine
e. glutamic acid

d. lysine

Which item is contained in an amino acid?
a. an acid group
b. an aldehyde group
c. a central oxygen group
d. an ester group
e. a central hydrogen atom

a. an acid group

The process whereby messenger RNA is made from a DNA template is ____.
a. expression
b. sequencing
c. ribosome assembly
d. translation
e. transcription

e. transcription

Essential amino acids are those that ____.
a. are secreted in order to digest food
b. the body makes in sufficient amounts
c. only unhealthy children need
d. the body does not make in sufficient amounts, so they must be supplied by the diet

d. the body does not make in sufficient amounts, so they must be supplied by the diet

What fraction of the day's energy expenditure of the average person is represented by the basal metabolism?
a. about 2/3
b. about 1/10
c. over 9/10
d. about 1/3
e. about 1/2

a. about 2/3

The basal metabolic rates between males and females of the same body weight are different, because ____.
a. reproductive hormones increase the basal metabolic rates of females
b. males are usually taller than females
c. males have a higher percentage of lean body mass
d. females have a lower percentage of adipose tissue
e. females have lower levels of thyroid hormones

c. males have a higher percentage of lean body mass

According to much research, in what region of the body is the storage of excess body fat associated with the highest risks for cardiovascular disease?
a. arms and shoulders
b. neck
c. legs and feet
d. hips and thighs
e. abdomen

e. abdomen

The psychological desire to eat that accompanies the sight, smell or thought of food is known as:
a. hunger
b. satiety
c. appetite
d. palatability

c. appetite

A high risk of weight-related health problems is seen in women who's waist circumference begins to exceed ____.
a. 24 inches
b. 35 inches
c. 48 inches
d. 28 inches
e. 42 inches

b. 35 inches

What is the relationship between breakfast frequency and obesity?
a. unknown
b. positively correlated
c. inversely correlated
d. not related

c. inversely correlated

Which of the following describes a relationship between leptin and energy balance?
a. blood levels of leptin only correlate with body fat at extremely high and low body masses
b. fat cell sensitivity to leptin is higher in obese people
c. a deficiency of leptin is characteristic of all obese people
d. major functions of leptin include an increase in hunger and a decrease in metabolic rate
e. blood levels of leptin usually correlate directly with body fat

e. blood levels of leptin usually correlate directly with body fat

Which of the following is a feature of the body's response to engaging in physical activity?
a. after intense exercise, gherlin secretion is typically elevated and remains so for several hours.
b. lower body fat is more readily lost from vigorous exercises that work primarily the hip and leg muscles.
c. blood glucose and fatty acid levels are low immediately after working out, but thereafter recover on their own.
d. after an intense workout, most people immediately feel the urge to eat a large carbohydrate meal to replace glycogen stores.
e. after an intense and vigorous workout, metabolism remains elevated for several hours

e. after an intense and vigorous workout, metabolism remains elevated for several hours

The classification of underweight is achieved with the BMI first drops below
a. 22.5
b. 20
c. 25.5
d. 18.5
e. 14

d. 18.5

Which of the following is a feature of gastric surgery for the treatment of clinically severe obesity?
a. it is almost never followed by weight regain
b. it is less effective than traditional liposuction
c. it limits amount of food the patients consume at any one time
d. it has dramatic effects on physical and psychological health
e. it is always an irreversible medical procedure

c. it limits amount of food the patients consume at any one time

Which statement is true of body weight?
a. it correlates with disease risks
b. it decreases by 1 lb for every 10 years of life
c. it provides an estimate of the fat level of the body
d. it is defined as the persons' height decided by the square of the weight
e. all of the above is true

a. it correlates with disease risks

Which of the following diseases are associated with overweight?
a. hypertension
b. elevated blood cholesterol
c. type 2 diabetes
d. cardiovascular disease
e. all of the above

e. all of the above

A nutritionally sound weight-loss diet might restrict daily energy intake to create a:
a. 1000-kcalorie-per-week deficit
b. 500-kcalorie-per-week deficit
c. 500-kcalorie-per-day deficit
d. 3500-kcalorie-per-day deficit

c. 500-kcalorie-per-day deficit

Which of the following may result from excessive intakes of vitamin D by adults?
a. early-onset osteoarthritis
b. increased bone calcification
c. increased bone density
d. deformity of leg bones, ribs, and skull
e. mineral deposits in soft tissues such as the kidney

e. mineral deposits in soft tissues such as the kidney

Which of the following are major sources of vitamin E in the diet?
a. meats
b. milk and dairy products
c. citrus fruits
d. egg whites
e. vegetable oils

e. vegetable oils

Which of the following enables much of the world's population to maintain adequate vitamin D status?
a. wide availability of low-cost fish products
b. wide availability of food assistance programs
c. World Health Organization distribution of vitamin D capsules
d. outdoor exposure of the skin to sunlight
e. genetically modified crops such as Golden Rice

d. outdoor exposure of the skin to sunlight

How many different forms of vitamin A are active in the body?
a. two
b. three
c. one
d. five
e. seven

b. three

Which of the following is a feature of vitamin E?
a. toxicity symptoms include bone abnormalities
b. the RDA is based on the tocopherols and the tocotrienols
c. important food sources include enriched breads and pasta
the vitamin functions as a hormone-like substance
e. deficiencies occur from inability to absorb dietary lipids

e. deficiencies occur from inability to absorb dietary lipids

Which vitamin is routinely given as a single dose to newborns?
a. vitamin E
b. vitamin B12
c. vitamin A
d. vitamin K
e. vitamin C

d. vitamin K

Which of the following is the most reliable source of vitamin D in the diet?
a. fruits and vegetables
b. enriched breads and cereals
c. meat
d. fortified milk
e. whole grains

d. fortified milk

In what chief capacity does vitamin K function?
a. calcium utilization
b. energy metabolism
c. synthesis of gonadotrophin hormones
d. blood clotting
e. epithelial tissue renewal

d. blood clotting

A child with bowed legs is likely deficient in vitamin
a. C
b. E
c. A
d. D
e. B12

d. D

Vitamin A supplements are helpful in treating which of the following conditions?
a. night blindness
b. acne
c. scurvy
d. osteomalacia
e. rickets

a. night blindness

Iron absorption is enhanced by:
a. fiber
b. polyphenols
c. vitamin C
d. phylates

c. vitamin C

Two storage forms of iron and ferritin and:
a. transferrin
b. hemosiderin
c. ceruloplasmin
d. hephaestin

b. hemosiderin

How does folate function in maintaining blood health?
a. folate is essential for the synthesis of heme iron
b. folate is essential for iron oxidation
c. folate acts as a coenzyme in blood coagulation
d. folate is essential for synthesis of new red blood cells

d. folate is essential for synthesis of new red blood cells

Who is MOST likely to be vitamin B12 deficient?
a. an ovo-lacto vegetarian
b. an adult male who eats hamburgers
c. a vegan
d. an adult female who eats chicken and tuna

c. a vegan

Vitamin B12 is also called:
a. ascorbic acid
b. cyanocobalamin
c. pyradoxal
d. folate

b. cyanocobalamin

Which disorder is associated with copper toxicity?
a. rickets
b. beriberi
c. Wilson's disease
d. anemia

c. Wilson's disease

Vitamin B12 plays a role in the formation of red blood cells as a component of coenzymes that:
a. assist in the coagulation of blood
b. assist with DNA synthesis
c. synthesize heme
d. assist in iron oxidation

b. assist with DNA synthesis

Which of the following is a positively-charged trace mineral?
a. sodium
b. zinc
c. chloride
d. calcium

b. zinc

Which of the following cells are key to our immune function?
a. leukocytes
b. osteocytes
c. erythrocytes
d. osteoclasts

a. leukocytes

The oxygen-carrying protein used to transport oxygen in muscle is called:
a. myoglobin
b. hemoglobin
c. ferritin
d. iron

a. myoglobin

Copper is absorbed from the:
a. small intestine
b. stomach
c. large intestine
d. mouth

a. small intestine

Insufficient intake of iron will FIRST affect the body's ________ levels.
a. ferritin
b. hemoglobin
c. transferrin
d. hephaestin

a. ferritin

Folate deficiency during pregnancy is associated with:
a. neural tube defects
b. gestational diabetes
c. pellagra
d. Down's syndrome

a. neural tube defects

Which of the following will impair iron absorption?
a. low dietary intake of iron
b. chronic blood loss
c. low amounts of stomach acid
d. iron-deficiency anemia

c. low amounts of stomach acid

A majority of zinc is carried by ________ in the blood.
a. lipoproteins
b. albumin
c. chylomicron
d. transferrin

b. albumin

The majority of the body's iron is found in:
a. hemoglobin
b. ferritin
c. ferroportin
d. transferrin

a. hemoglobin

Which of the following is a characteristic of iron transport?
a. hemochromatosis results from an inability to absorb and transport iron
b. transferrin in the blood carries iron to the bone marrow
c. ferritin functions by transporting iron from the spleen to the bone marrow
d. albumin is the major iron transport protein in the blood
e. chelation is used to increase the bioavailability of iron

b. transferrin in the blood carries iron to the bone marrow

Which of the following would most likely result from an excessive intake of iodine?
a. pineal stimulation
b. skin rashes
c. thyroid gland enlargement
d. diarrhea
e. dehydration

c. thyroid gland enlargement

Which of the following meats would be the best source of copper?
a. shellfish
b. beefsteak
c. chicken
d. hamburger
e. lamb

a. shellfish

Which of the following is a behavioral symptom of iron deficiency?
a. moderate iron deficiency promotes constipation
b. erythrocyte iron levels fall before mental alertness is affected
c. iron deficiency increases risk for infections that promote dysfunctional behavior
d. severe iron deficiency is associated with paradoxical hyperactivity
e. impaired energy metabolism and neurotransmitter synthesis

e. impaired energy metabolism and neurotransmitter synthesis

Which of the following is a feature of iodide utilization?
a. it is an integral part of pituitary thyroid-stimulating hormone
b. ingestion of plants of the cabbage family stimulates iodide uptake
c. the amount in foods is unrelated to the amount of iodine present in the soil
d. a deficiency or a toxicity leads to enlargement of the thyroid gland
e. use of iodized salt has resulted in significant increases in iodine toxicity

d. a deficiency or a toxicity leads to enlargement of the thyroid gland

Which of the following is a characteristic of the trace minerals?
a. deficiencies are more difficult to recognize in children than in adults
b. the amount of all trace minerals in the average person totals approximately 100grams
c. deficiencies of trace minerals are virtually unknown, although toxicities are well documented
d. the human body only needs a small amount for optimal functioning
e. a deficiency sign common to many trace minerals is dermatitis

d. the human body only needs a small amount for optimal functioning

Which of the following is a characteristic of iron utilization?
a. iron from nonheme food sources is absorbed better than that from heme food sources
b. most of the body's iron is recycled
c. the chief storage site for iron is the intestinal epithelium
d. iron is absorbed better from supplements than from foods
e. vegetarians need 4 times the iron as non-vegetarians

b. most of the body's iron is recycled

Which of the following would be the most appropriate food source of iodide for a person who lives inland?
a. locally grown produce
b. iodized table salt
c. plants of the cabbage family
d. soybeans and peanuts
e. fresh-water fish

b. iodized table salt

which of the following nutrients can play a role as antioxidants in the body?
a. chromium
b. iron
c. molybdenum
d. manganese
e. selenium

e. selenium

Which of the following is known to enhance iron absorption?
a. tea
b. coffee
c. foods containing vitamin E
d. milk
e. foods containing vitamin C

e. foods containing vitamin C

Which acid is an omega-3 fat?

Docosahexaenoic; linolenic

What is the primary storage form of carbs in the body?

glycogen

Which factor has most influence on a body's metabolic rate?

amount of lean body tissue

What makes sucrose?

glucose and fructose

What makes lactose?

galactose and glucose

What makes maltose?

two glucose units

When compared to other nutrients, alcohol is digested
a. faster
b. slower
c. same amount of time

a. faster

The component of energy balance that makes up the greatest amount of energy or calories you use each is...
a. basal metabolic rate
b. physical activity
c. thermic effect of food
d. a and c
e. all of the above

a. basal metabolic rate

A chemical reaction by which starch is split into monosaccharides

hydrolysis

The human body is made of compounds similar to those in food
a. true
b. false

a. true

In which food group are legumes?

protein

First section of the small intestine is called the
a. duodenum
b. ileum
c. jejunum
d. bile duct

a. duodenum

To prevent wasting of dietary protein, which of the following conditions must be met?
a. dietary protein must be adequate in quality
b. must supply all essential amino acids in proper amounts
c. diets must supply enough carbohydrates and fat
d. all of the above

d. all of the above