Medical Lecture Review: SOAP Notes, Anatomy, OMT, and Ultrasound

Flashcards covering essential concepts from SOAP notes, axial skeleton anatomy, spinal motion mechanics, rib movements, postural screening, ultrasound imaging principles and modes, OMT modalities and contraindications, and lower extremity joint anatomy and motion.

What is the definition of Bradycardia in a SOAP note context?

A heart rate (HR) less than 60 beats per minute.

What is Tachypnea?

A respiratory rate (RR) greater than 20 breaths per minute.

What does OLDCARTS stand for in the Subjective portion of a SOAP note?

Onset, Location, Duration, Character, Alleviating/Aggravating factors, Radiation, Timing, Severity.

Which anatomical plane is associated with the horizontal axis and movements of flexion and extension?

Sagittal plane.

What type of curve is normal kyphosis, and in which region of the spine is it found?

An outward curve of the Thoracic spine.

Which cervical spinal nerves exit above their corresponding vertebrae?

C1 through C7.

Why is there a C8 nerve despite there being no C8 vertebra?

Because C1-C7 nerves exit above their vertebrae, the C8 nerve must exit below the C7 vertebra, leading to eight cervical nerves but only seven cervical vertebrae.

What is the primary motion of the C1-C2 (AA) joint?

Rotation.

What is the characteristic orientation of the superior facet surfaces in the Cervical spine?

Back, Up, and Medial (BUM).

How is a vertebral unit named?

Based on the name of the superior vertebra of the unit.

According to the Thoracic Spine Rule of 3, where is the spinous process (SP) of T4-T6 located relative to its transverse process (TP)?

The SP is one-half level below the TP.

What type of rib motion is described as 'pump handle' and which ribs exhibit this motion?

Upper ribs (1-5), where the anterior portion of the rib goes up and the posterior portion goes down during inhalation.

In anatomical position, where should rib angles align?

Pretty well lined up with the medial border of the scapula.

In a sagittal plane postural screening, what body landmarks should a plumb line pass through?

Ear lobe, acromion, midline vertebral column, anterior sacral base, lateral condyle of the femur, and lateral malleolus.

Describe the 'domino effect' of forward head posture in the sagittal plane.

Forward head posture shifts the body's center of gravity forward, leading to compensation with thoracic kyphosis, which then leads to a compensatory lumbar lordosis.

How is a scoliosis named (e.g., Dextroscoliosis)?

By the convexity of the curve.

What is indicated if fascial patterns do NOT alternate in the zigzag compensatory curves (e.g., at transition zones)?

The individual is decompensated and likely to be symptomatic or unhealthy.

What type of structures are better visualized with high amplitude ultrasound waves?

Deeper structures.

What is 'acoustic impedance' in ultrasound imaging?

How much a material or tissue blocks sound waves.

What is the echogenicity of squishier tissues and organs?

Hypoechoic.

How do fluid-filled structures appear on an ultrasound?

Anechoic (absorbs all sound waves, showing no signal).

What is Anisotropy in ultrasound imaging?

Tissue not imaged perpendicular to the transducer appears falsely echoic and can be confused with pathology.

In Doppler ultrasound, what does red color typically indicate?

Blood flow towards the probe.

How can you distinguish bone from a cyst on an ultrasound image?

Bone appears white with black behind it, while a cyst appears black with white behind it.

Which OMT modality is primarily active, meaning the patient actively participates?

Muscle Energy.

List some specific contraindications for High-Velocity, Low-Amplitude (HVLA) techniques.

Down syndrome, Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA), Vertebrobasilar insufficiency, Chiari malformation (especially for cervical dysfunctions in extension).

What are some general contraindications that apply to most OMT modalities?

Acute sprain/strain, fracture, dislocation, moderate/severe joint instability, and patient refusal.

What type of joint is the femoroacetabular joint (hip joint)?

A ball and socket joint.

What are the primary movements of the knee joint?

Flexion and extension.

What are the two joints that act together as a functional unit in the ankle?

Tibiotalar and Talocalcaneal joints.

What are the main movements of the talocalcaneal joint?

Inversion and eversion.

What three movements define ankle supination?

Plantarflexion, adduction, and inversion.

Which ligament prevents excessive supination of the ankle?

The Anterior Talofibular Ligament (ATFL).

If the ankle is in supination, how does the fibular head move?

It moves anteriorly.

How can a high arch on the foot affect the fibular head's position and weight distribution?

A high arch causes the foot to supinate more, moving the fibular head anteriorly and increasing weight bearing on the lateral border of the foot, leading to more stress on the fibula.