Medical Terminology Chapter 7: Muscular System

what two other body systems does the muscular system work in coordination with?

the skeletal and nervous systems

what are the three functions of the muscular system?

1. provide movement for the body

2. help maintain posture and stability

3. produce heat

what percentage of body weight is made up of muscle?

42%

what are fibers?

long, slender cells that make up muscles

describe the structure of a muscle

a group of fibers held together by connective tissue and enclosed in fascia

what is fascia?

a fibrous sheath of connective tissue that surrounds muscle

what are the three basic types of muscle?

1. skeletal

2. smooth

3. cardiac

what are tendons?

bands of connective tissue that attach muscle to muscle

how many muscles are there in the body?

over 600

what are the five major properties of muscles?

1. excitable

2. contractible

3. extensible

4. elastic

5. adaptable

what is hypertrophy?

enlarging of the muscle due to increased work

what is atrophy?

diminishing of the muscle due to deprivation of work

what are the five types of muscle movement

1. adduction

2. abduction

3. flexion

4. extension

5. rotation

what is quadriplegia?

a state of body paralysis

what muscle does not paralyze?

cardiac

what is skeletal muscle?

voluntary, striated, attached to bones, moves the skeleton

what does it mean for a muscle to be voluntary?

it is controlled by the conscious part of the brain

what is an aponeurosis?

a wide, thin, sheetlike tendon

what is a muscle antagonist?

the muscle that relaxes during movement

what is the muscle agonist?

the muscle that contracts during movement

what is a synergist?

muscle that works as a pair with another

what is the sternocleidomastoid muscle?

anterior; moves the neck

what is the trapezius muscle?

anterior and posterior; moves head and rotates scapula

what is the deltoid muscle?

anterior/posterior; raises/rotates arm

what is the rectus femoris?

anterior; extends leg, flexes thigh

what is the sartorius?

anterior; flexes/rotates thigh and leg

what is the tibialis anterior?

anterior; dorsiflexes foot and increases arch during walking

what is the pectoralis major?

anterior; flexes, adducts, and rotates arm

what is the biceps brachii?

anterior; flexes arm/forearm and supinates forearm

what is the external oblique?

anterior; contracts abdomen

what is the rectus abdominus?

anterior; compresses/flattens abdomen

what is the gastrocnemius?

anterior/posterior; flexes foot and knee

what is the soleus?

anterior; flexes foot

what is the triceps?

posterior; extends forearm

what is the latissimus dorsi?

posterior; adducts, extends, rotates arm

what is the gluteus medius?

posterior; abducts/rotates thigh

what is the gluteus maximus?

posterior; extends and rotates thigh

what is the biceps femoris?

posterior; flexes knee and rotates it outward

what is the semitendinosus?

posterior; flexes and rotates leg and extends thigh

what is the semimembranosus?

posterior; flexes and rotates leg and extends thigh

what is the achilles tendon?

posterior; flexes foot and extends ankle

what are smooth muscles?

involuntary, unstriated, controlled by the autonomic nervous system, found in internal organs

what is cardiac muscle?

heart muscle, involuntary, striated, controlled by the autonomic nervous system

what is the scientific term for heart muscle?

myocardium

what allows the heart to contract without initial nervous input?

pacemaker cells

what two things does a surgeon use to determine level of amputation?

1. blood supply

2. tissue condition

con-

with/together

tract

to draw

-ure

process

contracture

permanent shortening/tightening of muscles

what is the major muscle of breathing?

the diaphragm

how many tender points of fibromyalgia are there?

18

myo-

muscle

fibr

fiber

-oma

tumor

myofibroma

a benign tumor composed of fibrous and muscular tissue

poly-

many

-plegia

paralysis

polyplegia

paralysis affecting several muscles

describe anatomic body position

body erect, facing forward, arms at side, palms supinated

describe dorsal recumbent body position

on back with legs flexed and rotated outward; used for vaginal/rectal exams

describe fowler body position

head of bed raised, patient sitting up with knees elevated

describe knee-chest body position

patient on knees, head and upper chest resting on the bed, arms crossed above head; used in rectal exams

describe lithotomy body position

patient on back with legs flexed and feet in stirrups; used in vaginal exams

describe orthopneic body position

sitting upright; used for patients with shortness of breath

describe prone body position

lying facing downward; used in back examination, massage

describe sims body position

lying on left side, right leg flexed on top of slightly flexed left leg, left arm behind body, right arm forward flexed at elbow; used in rectum exam, enema

describe supine body position

lying flat on back; used in examining head, neck

describe trendelenburg body position

body is supine and table is tilted at 45 degree angle with head being lower than feet; used to move abdominal organs, treat cardiovascular shock

in a total hip replacement, where does the socket mount into?

the acetabulum

in a total hip replacement, where does the shaft mount into?

the femur

tors

twisted

-ion

process

torsion

a twisting/rotation

what are the three types of drugs related to muscles?

1. skeletal muscle relaxants

2. anti-inflammatory agents

3. analgesics

what is a creatine kinase test?

a blood test to determine the level of creatine kinase

what is an electromyography?

a test to measure the electrical activity across the muscles; measured via electrodes attached to a needle that is inserted into the muscle

what is a lactic dehydrogenase test?

a blood test to determine the level of lactic dehydrogenase enzyme

what is a muscle biopsy?

a surgical removal of a small piece of muscle tissue for further examination

what are the two methods of muscle biopsy?

1. needle biopsy

2. open/surgical biopsy

ACR

american college of rheumatology

AE

above elbow

AK

above knee

ALD

aldolase

ALT

alanine aminotransferase

AST

aspartate aminotransferase

BE

below elbow

BK

below knee

Ca

calcium

CK

creatine kinase

EMG

electromyography

FMS

fibromyalgia syndrome

FROM

full range of motion

IM

intramuscular

LDH/LD

lactic dehydrogenase

MD

muscular dystrophy

MG

myasthenia gravis

MS

musculoskeletal

NCI

national cancer institute

NIH

national institutes of health