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Name the functional group of alcohols
-OH
What is the name of an alcohols
-of
What is the general formula for an alcohol
CnH2n+1OH
Describe a primary alcohol
With one Carbon side chain
Describe a secondary alcohol
With 2 Carbon side chain
Describe a tertiary alcohol
With 3 Carbon side chains
Why do alcohols have much stronger IMF than alkanes/enes
Due to dipole-dipole and hydrogen bonding
Why do alcohols mix well with water
As they are polar due to H+ bonds
What two methods make alcohols
Fermentation and hydration of ethane
Describe fermentation
A slow process of glucose to an alcohol with yeast in aerobic conditions
Describe hydration of ethane
High temp and pressure fast, reversible reaction with a catalyst
Why is fermentation preferred
It is carbon neutral
Describe the carbon neutral process of fermentation
Photosynthesis, fermentation and combustion
Why is fermentation not seen as carbon neutral
Processes can use fossil fuels which leads to CO2 emissions
What reaction is involved in elimination of alcohols
Dehydration reaction
What are the reagents for elimination of alcohols
Strong acid catalysts (phosphoric acid)
Define oxidising
Loss of electrons
Oxidising agents
Gains electrons so is reduced
What happens when alcohols react with oxidising agents
New functional groups are formed
Describe oxidisation of primary alcohols
Distillation produces an aldehyde, reflux produces carboxylic acid
Describe oxidation of secondary alcohols
Reflux reactions form a ketone
How can you see an oxidation of alcohols
Orange to green colour change
Describe oxidisation of tertiary alcohols
Nothing happens
How are aldehydes formed
When primary alcohols are oxidised partially
Ho ware aldehydes collected
With distillation
What boiling points do aldehydes have and why
Low as they have no hydrogen bonds
What is the purpose of antibumping granules
They promote formation of small bubbles
How does reflux prevent chemicals escaping
By condensing them back into the reaction mixture
Describe the test for a carboxylic acid
Add solution of a carbonate/hydrogen carbonate
Describe the positive result for a carboxylic acid
Gas produced and fizz in from CO2 produced
Give the equation for a carboxylic acid test
H+ (aq) + CO3 2- (aq) —> CO2 (g) + H2O (l)
name te two tests for an aldehyde
Fehling’s reagent and tollen’s reagent
Describe the Fehling’s reagent tests result
A solution to a brick red/orange solution
Give the equation for Fehling’s reagent test
Cu 2+ —> Cu 1+
Describe the positive observation for tollen’s reagent
Silver “mirror” on test tube
Give the equation for Tollen’s reagent
[Ag (NH3)2 ]+ + e- —> Ag (s) + 2 NH3
Describe the test for ketones
cannot be oxidised further so no observations with tests
Give the formula for an aldehyde
CHO
Give the formula for carboxylic acid
COOH
Note 
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