Genetic Engineering

CRISPR

Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats- a genetic system found in bacteria that has been adapted for use as a gene editing tool.

GMO

Genetically Modified Organism- an organism whose DNA has been artificially altered using genetic engineering techniques.

Genetic engineering

________ is the process of modifying an organism's DNA using biotechnology techniques.

Cas9 enzyme

The ________ is a bacterial endonuclease that splices DNA at a specific point.

CaCl

________ changes the charge on the bacteria membrane in order for it to take up DNA.

Primers

________: Short DNA molecules that serve as a starting point for DNA synthesis in PCR and other molecular biology techniques.

Gene therapy

________: A therapeutic approach that involves the use of genetic engineering techniques to correct genetic disorders by replacing, removing, or adding genes to a patient's cells.

PCR

________: Polymerase Chain Reaction- a laboratory technique used to amplify DNA sequences.

Sanger Method

________: A DNA sequencing method that involves the use of ddNTPs to terminate DNA synthesis, creating a series of fragments that can be read to determine the nucleotide sequence of the original DNA template.

sgRNA

The ________ is the guide RNA that is cutomized for the target (it also contains CRISPR RNA crRNA)

Genetic engineering

A technique that involves the manipulation of an organism's DNA to introduce or remove specific genes and create desired traits

rDNA

Recombinant DNA is a molecule that has been artificially created by combining genetic material from different sources

Transformation

The process of introducing foreign DNA into a bacterial cell by making it competent to take up DNA from the surrounding environment

Transfection

The process of introducing foreign DNA into a eukaryotic cell by using a chemical agent or an electric field to create temporary pores in the cell membrane

Transduction

The process of introducing foreign DNA into a bacterial cell using a virus as a vector to transfer the genetic material

Gene therapy

A therapeutic approach that involves the use of genetic engineering techniques to correct genetic disorders by replacing, removing, or adding genes to a patient's cells

Bioinformatics

The application of computer science and statistical methods to analyze and interpret biological data

Gene sequencing

The process of determining the order of nucleotides in a DNA molecule

Human Genome Project

A collaborative scientific project that aimed to sequence and map the entire human genome

Genome

The complete set of genetic material (DNA) present in an organism

Sanger Method

A DNA sequencing method that involves the use of ddNTPs to terminate DNA synthesis, creating a series of fragments that can be read to determine the nucleotide sequence of the original DNA template

Gene editing

The process of making precise changes to an organism's DNA sequence using molecular tools, such as CRISPR/Cas9

Cas9

A bacterial enzyme that can cut DNA at specific target sequences

Guide RNA

A small RNA molecule that guides the Cas9 enzyme to the target DNA sequence

Donor DNA

A DNA molecule used to introduce new genetic material into an organism

Off-target effects

The unintended cutting of DNA at sites other than the intended target site, leading to potential adverse effects

Homology-directed repair

A DNA repair mechanism that uses a donor DNA molecule to repair a double-stranded DNA break by copying the missing sequence from the donor DNA

Gel electrophoresis

A laboratory technique used to separate DNA fragments based on size and charge by running them through a gel matrix

Primers

Short DNA molecules that serve as a starting point for DNA synthesis in PCR and other molecular biology techniques

Amplicon

A piece of DNA that has been amplified using PCR