Exercise 5 - Pathology of musculoskeletal systems

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Organic matter (compound of collagen and polysaccharide “Glycosaminoglycan)

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Inorganic matter (composed of inorganic salts of calcium carbonate and magnesium phosphate.

Intramembranous ossification

bone formation from its membranous precursors

Endochondrial ossification

bone formation from its cartilaginous precursors

Osteoblast

bone forming cell

Osteocyte

Bone cell responsible for mineralization and demineralization

Osteoclast

Bone destroying cell

Osteopenia

Too little bone (due to decreased calcium deposition)

Osteopetrosis

Too much bone (increased calcium deposition)

Osteoporosis

Decreased mineralization of bones (adult animals)

Risckets

Decreased mineralization of bones (young animals)

Osteonecrosis

Necrosis of bone tissue

factors that complicate fracture repair:

infection

excessive mobility

Malnutrition

Poor vascularization

excessive distance

loss of periosteum

Osteitis

Inflammation of bone

Osteomyelitis

Inflammation of bone marrow

Suppurative

Staphylococcus, streptococcus, corynebacteria, E.coli, Salmonella, Fusobacterium, Actinomyces bovis

Non-suppurative

Brucella suis, tubercle bacilli, fungi (cryptococcus, Blastomuces)

Kyphosis

Dorsal curvature or spine

Scoliosis

lateral curvature of spine

Lordosis

Ventral curvature of spine

Kyphoscoliosis

dorsal and lateral curvature of spine

Syndactyly

Fusion of adjacent limbs

Synostosis

Osseous union of bones that ae normally distinct

Amelia

Absence of limbs

Phocomella

hypoplasia of limbs, hand and feet, attached directly to the body.

Polymelia

Excess in number of limbs

Hemimelia

Absence of longitudinal segment of a bone.

Osteoporosis

clinical disease of bone pain and fracture characterized microscopically by a reduction of bone mass (osteopenia) but with remaining bone normally mineralized.

Osteopetrosis

Increased bone mass

Exostosis

Nodular, benign bony growth projecting outgrowth from a surface of a bone.

enostosis

a body growth within medullary cavity

pannus

fibrivascular and histiocytic tissue that arises from the insertion of synovial membrane and spreads over adjacent cartilage as a velvety membrane.

Callus

Unorganized meshwork of woven bone that forms following a fracture

Bone neoplasms

Osteoma, osteosarcoma, chondroma, chondrosarcoma, fibroma, fibrosarcoma, osteochondrosarcoma.

Myasthenia gravis

an auto - immune disease characterized by muscle weakness, increased fatigue and reduced tolerance to exercise.

Myotonia

muscle continues to contract actively even after the stimulus has ceased.

Myositis

Inflammation of muscles

Steatosis

muscle infiltered with fat

Myorrhexia

pale hemorrhages in muscle

Eosinophilic myositis

Contraction and stiffening of muscle after death.

Degeneration

pigmentation (melanin, lipofuscin, myoglobulin) Calcification, degeneration - cloudy swelling, vacuolar formation)

Response of muscle to an injury

Degeneration

segmental necrosis

myolysis

Extensive necrosis

Extensive necrosis

Toxic, metabolic, myopathy (causes: massive trauma, large burn)

Muscle atrophy and hypertrophy

marled by decrease or increase in muscle mass (size muscle fibers? myofibers)

atrophy

Neurogenic disease; cachexia, malnutrition, senility, dystrophic, corticosteroids (make use of muscle protein for hepatic gluconeogenesis

Hypertrophy

Physiologic (increased workload) compensatorry (secondary to degeneration atrophy of adjacent muscle fiber)

Causes of myositides

bacterial, viral, parasitic, nutritional, immune mediated.

Granulomatous myositis

Tuberculosis and actinobacillosis bovine and ovine eosinophilic myositis

Vitamin E

scavenges free radicals in tissues

selenium

a component of gluthathione peroxidase - an intracellular enzyme that scavenges (neutralizes / destroy) free radicals

free radicals

by-product of normal cell functions but can initiate cell injury by causing peroxidation of membrane lipids.

Exertional - myopathy

due to intensive activity of major muscles (equine rhabdomyolysis/ monday morning sickness)

endocrine myopathy

white muscle disease due to vitamin E/selenium deficiency or both

Myalgia

pain in muscle or group of muscles

arthralgia

Pain in a joint

Ataxia

Loss of full control of bodily movements

Tremor

Involuntary quivering movement

trembling

shaking or quivering, typically as a result of anxiety, excitement

Anelgesia

Inability to feel the pail

Hyperesthesia

excessive physical sensitivity

Hyperkinesia

excessive movement

Opisthotonos

Dramatic backward arching of the body, with the head and heels bent backward.

Torticollis

Dystonic condition by an asymmetrical head/ neck position

Myoclonus

Quick jerking movement that cannot be controlled.

Chorea

spasmodic involuntary movements of the limbs or facial muscles.

Clonus

Muscular spasm involving repeated, often rhythmic contractions

Convulsion

Violent, irregular movement of limb or the body.

Decubitus

Posture adopted by who is lying down.