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Cultural Nationalism
A process of protecting, either formally (with laws) or informally (with social values), the primacy of a certain cultural system against influences (real or imagined) from another culture.
Romanticism
a movement in the arts and literature that originated in the late 18th century, emphasizing inspiration, subjectivity, and the primacy of the individual.
Transendentalism
Nineteenth-century movement in which writers and philosophers believed in the innate goodness of man, and that insight was more important than logic when searching for truths.
Civil Disobedience (Thoreau)
The refusal to obey a law out of a belief that the law is morally wrong. Author Henry David Thoreau wrote an important essay justifying such action
utopia
an imagined place or state of things in which everything is perfect
Antebellum
Belonging to a period before a war especially the American Civil War
Femininsm and Margaret Fuller (1810-1850)
Leading female intellectual of her day and author of the pioneering feminist work Women in the Nineteenth Century (1845). She edited Ralph Waldo Emerson's paper The Dial and, while writing literary and social criticism in Europe for the New York Tribune, became America's first female correspondent.
Revivals
emotional gatherings where people came together to hear sermons and declare their faith
Second Great Awakening
A series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on Methodism and Baptism. Stressed a religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for all Protestant sects. The revivals attracted women, Blacks, and Native Americans.
Timothy Dwight
President of Yale College, he helped initiate the Second Great Awakening. His campus revivals inspired many young men to become evangelical preachers.
Charles Grandison Finney
An evangelist who was one of the greatest preachers of all time (spoke in New York City). He also made the "anxious bench" for sinners to pray and was was against slavery and alcohol.
Camp Meetings
religious and social gatherings used by the Methodist and Baptist churches to recruit members
Joseph Smith
religious leader who founded the Mormon Church in 1830 (1805-1844)
Brigham Young and the Mormons
The successor to the Mormons after the death of Joseph Smith. He was responsible for the survival of the sect and its establishment in Utah, thereby populating the would-be state.
New Zion
After Brigham Young migrated to the far western frontier, this religious community was established on the banks of the Great Salt Lake in Utah. Their cooperative social organization helped the Mormons to prosper in the wilderness
Antebellum Period
The time period before the Civil War during which there were many reforms, including the establishment of free (tax-supported) public schools, improving the treatment of the mentally ill, controlling/abolishing the sale of alcohol, winning equal legal/political rights for women, and abolishing slavery.
American Temperance Movement
Evangelical Protestants created it in 1826; they followed Lyman Beecher in demanding total abstinence from alcohol. They denounced the evil of drinking and promoted the expulsion of drinkers from church.
Washingtonians
Another society begun in 1840 by recovering alcoholics who said that alcoholism was a disease that needed practical treatment.
Women's Christian Temperance Movement
This women's union called for the national prohibition of alcohol. Led by Frances E. Willard and Carrie A. Nation
Penetentiary
a prison for people convicted of serious crimes
asylum movement
Efforts to propose government legislation to improve treatment of the insane with larger institutions and proper environmental and educational conditions.
Auburn System
a system of prison administration in which prisoners were isolated in cells at night but allowed to congregate during the day for work duty and meals, but in total silence
common (public) school movement
a social reform effort that began in the mid-1800s and promoted the idea of having all children educated in a common place regardless of social class or background
McGuffey Readers
Elementary school textbooks that encouraged hard work, punctuality, and sobriety.
American Colonization Society
A Society that thought slavery was bad. They would buy land in Africa and get free blacks to move there. One of these such colonies was made into what now is Liberia. Most sponsors just wanted to get blacks out of their country.
Liberty Party
A former political party in the United States; formed in 1839 to oppose the practice of slavery; merged with the Free Soil Party in 1848
American Peace Society
A pacifist society founded on the principles of William Ladd. Merged societies from New Hampshire, New York, Maine, and Massachusetts.
Eli Whitney's Cotton Gin
Made cotton manufacturing much easier by quickly removing seeds and sticks from raw cotton.
Planters
Large-scale farmers who held more than 20 slaves
Deep South
Also know as the "lower south" or "cotton kingdom" is the area where the majority of the country's cotton was produced. Many people flocked to this area to find work
Slave Codes
Laws that controlled the lives of enslaved African Americans and denied them basic rights.
hillbillies
Derisive term for poor white subsistence farmers, they often lived in the hills and farmed less productive land.
