History Midterm

What document initially stated Martin Luther’s displeasure and argument against indulgences?

The 95 thesis

What was one of the major complaints the leaders of Europe had against the Catholic Church?

To much political power

What agreement allowed German Princes to choose either Lutheranism or Catholicism as their region’s religion?

Peace of Augsburg

The English ruler who founded the Church of England

Henry the VII

What law gave the Monarch of England the right to be the head of the Church of England?

Act of Supremacy

The Protestant religion was spread to Scotland by the efforts of?

John Knox (questions)

What did most religious groups in Europe experience to some degree during the time of the Reformation?

Persecution

Group which on and off for over 20 years with the purpose of reforming the Catholic Church and stopping the spread of Protestantism?

Council of Trent

Group was established to halt the growth of Protestantism and heresy

Jesuits

Catholic court designed to root out heresy but often reverted to torture and secret testimonies to achieve its goals.

Inquisition

When Society began to focus more on worldly issues rather than spiritual issues one could say that society was becoming more?

Secular

What city led the Renaissance and was referred to by some as “the school of France”

Florence

when an author uses the everyday language of his or her homeland, we say the author uses the

Vernacular

A picture that uses slanting lines and objects of different sizes to give a feeling of depth was said to have

Perspective

What is the best term for a person who sponsors or supports artists financially?

Patrons

What country had a monopoly on the spice trade in Europe before the Age of Exploration

Italy

Which European nation led the exploration of the African Coast

Portugal

What did Vasco de Gama succeed in gaining for Portugual

found direct route to India

The Treat of Tordesilla established a boundary between which two regions

Spain and Portuguel

Which disease proved devastating to he Native American population in the New World?

Smallpox

What country came to dominate the Atlantic slave trade and then late outlawed it?

Spain

What economic system was based on the accumulation of wealth and depended on a favorable balance of trade?

Joint-Stock companies

What Country became a commercial center during the 1600’s and had a fleet of up to 10,000 ships

The Netherlands

What is the economic system based on private ownership and the investment of resources for profit

Capitalism

What events from the Middle Ages exposed Europe to spices and luxury goods from Asia and Middle East?

Crusades

In the eyes of the Europeans one of the advantages to using Africans as slaves was

Many came from farming community's, some resisted to tropical European diseases, lake of knowledge

what created the need for slavery in the North and South American colonies?

labor intensive agricultural practices

How was Africa affected by the slave trade

introduced guns, family torn apart, lost generations, tribal rivalries

The Thirty Years War pretty much ended what type of wars in Europe

Religious Wars

What were the two religious alliances at the start of the thirty years war?

Protestant union and Catholic league

What weapons did the English employ that did more psychological harm than actual damage?

guns and gun power

What style of naval warfare did the English use

Atlantic Style

What style of naval warfare were the Spanish accustomed to?

Mediterranean / Galley Style

Why was Germany HRE impacted so severely while other countries were not?

The war was fought on there land

What was greatly influenced by the ideals of the Enlightenment?

French Revolution

Montesquieu’s influence on the U.S. Constitution

Checks and balances

two intellectual movements were brought together by the enlightenment

Scientific Revolution, Renaissance

Causes of the French Revolution included all of the following

bad harvest, reforms failed, economic troubles, weak leadership, social classes

A political and symbolic act of revolution occurred citizens of Paris stormed and captured

The Bastille

The different social classes in France

The Estates

Robespierre’s period of power

Reign of Terror

The moderate governments of the French Revolution

National Assembly, Legislative Assembly, Director

Ptolemy

Expanded geocentric theory, astronomer

Copernicus

The Heliocentric Theory, “on the Revolutions of the heavenly bodies”

Brahe

Recorded movements of plants

Kepler

Plants revolve in elliptical orbits, continued Brahe work

Galileo

“Starry Messenger”, Juniper had 6 moons and he sun had a dark spot, Built the first telescope

Bacon

attacked med-evil scholars, the scientific method

Descartes

developed analytical geometry

Newton

Discovered Gravity, “The mathematical principles of Natural philosophy”

Harvey

Heart is a pump

Janssen

created the first microscope

Leeuwenhoek

examined red blood cells, observed bacteria

Torricelli

Atmosphere of presser

Fahrenheit

made the first thermometer, discovered the freezing point of water

Celsius

created another scale for the mercury thermometer

Jenner

Invented a vaccine to prevent smallpox, worlds first vaccination

Vesalius

“on the structure of the human body”

Boyle

“The special Chemist”

The scientific method

logical procedure for gathering and testing ideas.

The Heliocentric Theory

Nicolaus Copernicus, The theory that the Earth revolves around the Sun

The Geocentric Theory

Claudius Ptolemy, the Sun, stars, and all the planets revolved around the Earth

Hobbes

The Leviathan, though all humans were naturally Selfish and wicked, thought everyone had to hand over their rights to strong rulers

Locke

ability to reason,people had the natural ability to govern there own affairs, government needed to protect life, liberty, and property

Voltaire

published over more then 70 books, targeted the clergy and the government, mainly France

Montesquieu

believed Britain had the best government, “on the spirit of Laws”, ideas of checks and balances, separation of power

Diderot

The Encyclopedia, greatly helped to spread the Enlightenment ideas

Rousseau

On the origins of the inequality of mankind, believed people are basically good but corrupted by society, Social Contract

Beccaria

Punishment should fit the crime, against torture and capital punishments

Wollstonecraft

A vindication of the rights of women

Indulgences

people were led to believe they could buy a pardon for sins committed during their life and also for relatives who already dies🡪 people thought it would guarantee access to heaven

Edict of Worms

it declared Luther an outlaw, heretic and no one in the Holy Roman Empire should harbor him.

Leo X

 issued a bull demanding Luther recant or face excommunication

Charles V

Holy Roman Emperor tried to crush Lutheranism for 25 years He failed, distracted by a series of wars with Francis I of France.

Edward

Henry married four more times in his life but only had one more child

Mary

She became known as “bloody” _____ because hundreds who resisted switching back to Catholicism were burned at the stake

Council of Trent

Met on and off for 20 years, Reaffirmed Catholic views Salvation can be achieved through faith and good works The Bible is a major but not only source of religious truth Churches Interpretation of Bible is final Selling of false indulgences is banned

Theocracy

a system of government in which priests rule in the name of God or a god, ruled by a religius leader

annul

to officially announce that something such as a law, agreement, or marriage no longer exists

Ignatius of Loyola

Got injured in war, he wrote the spiritual exercises

Catherine

Luther’s wife, managed family finances

Predestination

the belief that God already decided your fate

Calvin

Followers were called Huguenots, Calvinism, “Institutes of the Christian Religon”, beleievd in Theocracy

Zwingli

religious reform in Switzerland started by him, wanted the return of personal faith of early Christianity, (more control of the Church)

Anabaptist

Only baptized people that were old enough to decide to be Christian, believed Church and state should be separated, refused to fight in wars

Leonardo Da Vinci

Mona Lisa, painting religious paintings- the last supper

More

Northern Writer, tried showing a better model of society

Michelangelo

Most famous for the way he portrayed the human body

Erasmus

Christian Humanist, wrote The Praise of Folly

Jan Van Eyck

First great Flemish Painter, used a lot of layers of paint

Petrarch

one of the most influential humanists, great poet, father of Renaissance humanism

Machiavelli

Wrote the Prince, believed a prince should be as strong as a lion and shrewd as a fox, believed it was safer to be feared then loved

Raphael

Paints famous Renaissance figures, made the school of Athens

Hans Halbein

German artist, made the younger

Shakespeare

most famous artist of the Elizabethan Age, famous writer of film making

Gutenberg

“invented the printing press”

Louis XIV

weak leader, paid little attention to his government, he put of dealing with problems until he almost had no money left, over spent his money

Ferdinand II

King of Austria, not trusted by protestants,started closing protestant churchs

Hapsburg’s

Spain, Austria

Peter the Great

ruled Russia in the early 1700s, had fought for years to win a port on the Baltic Sea,