Psychology: Classical and Operant Conditioning

Classical Conditioning

A learning process in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus, resulting in a conditioned response. This concept was famously demonstrated by Ivan Pavlov through his experiments with dogs.

Operant Conditioning

A learning process in which behaviors are modified through reinforcement or punishment, shaping future behavior. B.F. Skinner is a key figure associated with this concept.

Unconditioned Stimulus

A stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response without prior learning.

Conditioned Stimulus

A previously neutral stimulus that, after being paired with an unconditioned stimulus, begins to elicit a conditioned response.

Unconditioned Response

The natural reaction to an unconditioned stimulus, occurring without prior conditioning.

Conditioned Response

The learned response to a conditioned stimulus, which occurs after the stimulus has been associated with an unconditioned stimulus.

Reinforcement

A process that increases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated, often through rewards or incentives.

Punishment

A process that decreases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated, often through negative consequences or aversive stimuli.

Differences between Classical and Operant Conditioning

Classical conditioning involves learning through association between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus, resulting in a conditioned response. It emphasizes involuntary responses, such as salivation in Pavlov's dogs. In contrast, operant conditioning focuses on learning through the consequences of voluntary behaviors. It employs reinforcement, which increases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated, and punishment, which decreases that likelihood. B.F. Skinner's experiments with rats and pigeons illustrate this by demonstrating how behaviors are shaped by rewards or aversive outcomes. Thus, classical conditioning is associated with passive learning, while operant conditioning is linked to active learning driven by consequences.