States of Consciousness and Sleep

These flashcards cover key terms and definitions related to consciousness, sleep, sleep disorders, and substance use disorders.

Circadian Rhythms

Biological processes that display an endogenous, entrainable oscillation of about 24 hours.

Melatonin

A hormone that regulates sleep-wake cycles, stimulated by darkness and inhibited by light.

Consciousness

Awareness of external events, internal sensations, and personal experiences.

Preconscious

Information that is not currently in awareness but can be easily accessed.

Unconscious

Mental processes that are not accessible to consciousness.

Circadian Rhythm

Body's biological clock that regulates sleep-wake cycles.

Sleep Deprivation

A condition resulting from a lack of sufficient sleep, leading to cognitive and physical impairments.

NREM Sleep

Stages of sleep that do not include REM, characterized by slower heart rate and breathing.

REM Sleep

A sleep stage characterized by rapid eye movement, vivid dreams, and increased brain activity.

Sleep Apnea

A disorder that involves interrupted breathing during sleep.

Night Terrors

Episodes of screaming, tension, and confusion while asleep, often occurring in children.

Enuresis

An inability to control urination, commonly known as bedwetting, especially in children.

Hypnosis

A state of focused attention and heightened suggestibility, often accompanied by dissociation.

Biofeedback

A technique used to gain control over physiological functions by using real-time feedback.

Opioids

Drugs derived from opium or chemically similar, used for pain relief but highly addictive.

Stimulants

Substances that increase levels of neural activity, often enhancing alertness and energy.

Hallucinogens

Drugs that cause changes in perception and thought, often leading to hallucinations.

Dopamine Pathways

Neural pathways that mediate pleasure and reward, significant in addiction.