Unit 5 Test-US History

Bimetallism

Bimetallism

the use of both gold and silver as a basis for a national monetary system (Currency)

Populism

the political doctrine that supports the rights and powers of the common people in their struggle with the privileged elite

54th Regiment

one of the first African-American regiments organized to fight for the union in the Civil War. They were the first regiment to go into Fort Wagner to fight for the Fort.

Causes of the Civil war

-Northerners are outraged by the Fugitive slave act

-debate over slavery in the territories escalates

-South fears that the North will gain too much power in Congress

-Lincoln elected president

-Southern states secede

Effects of the Civil war

- Slavery abolished

- Federal government assumes supreme national authority

- Both sides lose thousands of young men

- Northern economy booms

- Southern economy is devastated

- Union is reunited

Goals for the North

To keep the United States together/Preserve the union. After Emancipation proclamation-Fighting for slaves right to be free

Goals for the South

leave the union and be left alone. After Emancipation Proclamation-Fighting pro-slavery

Homestead Act

1862 - Provided free land in the West to anyone willing to settle there and develop it. Encouraged westward migration.

13th amendment

abolished slavery

14th Amendment

Declares that all persons born in the U.S. are citizens and are guaranteed equal protection of the laws

15th amendment

Citizens cannot be denied the right to vote because of race, color , or precious condition of servitude

Emancipation Proclamation

Issued by abraham lincoln on september 22, 1862 it declared that all slaves in the confederate states would be free. It changed the reason that both sides were fighting the war, it made it about slavery.

Dawes Act

1887 law which gave all Native American males 160 acres to farm and also set up schools to make Native American children more like other Americans

Clara Barton

Nurse during the Civil War; founder of the American Red Cross

Plains Indians

Included people from many Indian nations including Cheyenne, Arapahos, Piutes, and Sioux. Came into great conflict with settlers because settlers did not respect the Indian land.

Battle of Gettyburg

Most disastrous event of the war in history of US

50K died from North and South

Anaconda Plan

Union war plan by Winfield Scott, called for blockade of southern coast, capture of Richmond, capture Mississippi R, and to take an army through heart of south

Reconstruction

the period after the Civil War in the United States when the southern states were reorganized and reintegrated into the Union

10% plan

-the government would pardon all confederates-except high-ranking confederate officers

-once 10% of voters in the election of 1860, the confederate state had to swear to allegiance and recognize the 13th amendment to be able to join the union again

--Strengths--

-helped in the ending of the war

-Done quickly and doesn't want to punish people for their actions

Weaknesses

--Weaknesses--

-helped in the ending of the war

-Done quickly and doesn't want to punish people for their actions

Presidential Reconstruction

-each remaining confederate state would have to withdraw its secession

-swear allegiance to the union

-annul confederate war debts

-and ratify the 13th amendment

--Strengths--

-gained southern support because of Johnson's support of states' rights

-Confederate states agreed with the terms

-Fast

--Weaknesses--

-it failed to address former slaves in 3 main areas: Land, voting, and protection under law

-Radical Republicans didn't believe Johnson when he said that reconstruction was done because most southerners were still the same.

-Congress refused to admit the newly elected southern legislators

-pardoned 23,000 confederates

Congressional Reconstruction

Under this program, republican factions wanted to war together to change the control of the reconstruction process starting at the executive branch and ending at the legislature. This left the south to vote for new republican governments

-14th amendment was passed

-only people that can vote are republicans (Guaranteed that republicans would win)

-forced states to rewrite their constitution

--Strengths--

-the confederate states all joined back into the union in 1868

-led to the 13th amendment

-slowed things down

--Weaknesses--

-even though all the states were back in the union, the republicans wanted to change their economic state in the south, so their did not end the process of reconstruction.

-took longer

-relied on the federal government to enforced it (military had to enforce)

President Andrew Johnson

became president after Lincoln's assassination. Many thought he was too easy on the South. Congress impeached him but he was not removed from office. He pardoned over 2,300 confederate officers from being put in jail and they had the right to vote.

Abraham Lincoln

16th President of the United States saved the Union during the Civil War and emancipated the slaves; was assassinated by Booth (1809-1865)

Sharecropping

A system used on southern farms after the Civil War in which farmers worked land owned by someone else in return for a small portion of the crops. not a good system because it was slavery with no title.

Robert E. Lee

Confederate general who had opposed secession but did not believe the Union should be held together by force

Appomattox Court House

Famous as the site of the surrender of the Confederate Army under Robert E. Lee to Union commander Ulysses S. Grant

Battle of Wounded Knee

the massacre by U.S. soldiers of 300 unarmed Native Americans at Wounded Knee Creek, South Dakota, in 1890

Carpetbagger

A northerner who went to the South immediately after the Civil War; especially one who tried to gain political advantage or other advantages from the disorganized situation in southern states

Scalawag

A derogatory term for Southerners who were working with the North to buy up land from desperate Southerners

Civil Rights Act of 1866

Federal law granting citizenship to former slaves; passed over Johnson's veto.

Thaddeus Stevens

A Radical Republican who believed in harsh punishments for the South. Leader of the Radical Republicans in Congress.

Morrill Act

(1862) Federal law that gave land to western states to build agricultural and engineering colleges.

"Iron Clads"

Battleships covered with thick iron plates

Radical Republicans

After the Civil War, a group that believed the South should be harshly punished and thought that Lincoln was sometimes too compassionate towards the South.

Reservations

areas of federal land set aside for American Indians

Andersonville

The most infamous prison in the south. There was no shelter. There was a huge population, and there were food shortages, overcrowding, and diseases that killed about 100 men a day during the summer months. it held military prisoners and was renamed Fort Sumter

Conscription

A military draft

US Grant

A general and political leader of the nineteenth century. He became commanding general of the Union army during the Civil War. He accepted the unconditional surrender of the commanding general of the main Confederate army, Robert E. Lee, at Appomattox Court House. A Republican, he later became president.

William Jennings

United States lawyer and politician who advocated free silver and prosecuted John Scopes (1925) for teaching evolution in a Tennessee high school (1860-1925)

Cowboys myth vs. reality

Myth: cowboys were overly American, herding cattle and fighting villains

Reality: Most of the Cowboy culture was borrowed directly from Spanish ranchers, long and hard work days, used guns for protection from wild animals, Wild Bill never touched cows or horses.

George A. Custer

United States general who was killed along with all his command by the Sioux at the battle of Little Bighorn (1839-1876)

Ghost Dance

a religious dance of native Americans looking for communication with the dead. it was seen as a war dance by the US and that is how the Battle at Wounded knee came about.

Sitting Bull

American Indian medicine man, chief, and political leader of his tribe at the time of the Custer massacre during the Sioux War

Fort Pillow

The location of a brutal massacre in which confederate troops shot more than 200 black prisoners and some whites.

William T. Sherman

general whose march to sea caused destruction to the south, union general, led march to destroy all supplies and resources, beginning of total warfare

Freedmen's Bureau

Organization run by the army to care for and protect southern Blacks after the Civil War

Compromise of 1877

Ended Reconstruction. Republicans promise 1) Remove military from South, 2) Appoint Democrat to cabinet (David Key postmaster general), 3) Federal money for railroad construction and levees on Mississippi river

Native Americans vs. White settlers' Ideas on land ownership

Native Americans didn't think that you were tied to land, you didn't own it. you simply had to ask permission to use the land. White settlers want to own the land and no one else was going to take the land from them unless they were paying for it or fighting for it.

Railroads opening the West to settlement

opened the way for the settlement of the West, provided new economic opportunities, stimulated the development of town and communities, and generally tied the country together