AP Language and Composition Mock Exam 2
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đđđĄđđ đđĄ
(đđŠđŚ đ§đ°đđđ°đ¸đŞđŻđ¨ đąđ˘đ´đ´đ˘đ¨đŚ đŞđ´ đ˘đŻ đŚđšđ¤đŚđłđąđľ đ§đłđ°đŽ đ˘ đŁđ°đ°đŹ đąđśđŁđđŞđ´đŠđŚđĽ đŁđş đ˘ đąđ°đđŞđľđŞđ¤đ˘đ đŤđ°đśđłđŻđ˘đđŞđ´đľ đŞđŻ 2008.)
A country founded on the principle of individual freedomâ"life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness"1âhas both a gift and a problem. "No man is an island," the English poet John Donne wrote in the seventeenth century, but in the late eighteenth century, at least in America, you very nearly could be, at least physically. The continent was so immense, the forests so thick, and the land so fertile, that a man could literally live alone. Strictly speaking, if survival was all that mattered, he did not even need a market to sell to. He had everything he needed in the woods, streams, and fields.
This was how Americans saw themselves, or claimed to see themselves. In his first Farewell Addressâthe one in 1783, when he resigned his commission as commander in chief of the continental armyâGeneral George Washington envisioned his disbanded troops heading out to the "extensive and fertile Regions of the West," which would "yield a most happy Asylum to those, who, fond of domestic enjoyment are seeking for personal independence."
This independence was not only geographical, it was psychological, spiritual, politicalâand legal. With the colonial grants wiped away by revolution, new American landowners could buy and hold land in "fee simple," just the way the highest-ranking feudal lords had done at the top of Old World society. Every man was his own lord and vassal. He could make whatever money he could, and keep most of it as his own. There would be taxes in the New World, but they were not "direct." Indeed, for the first century of its existence, Washington derived the bulk of its revenue from global tradeâfrom import tariffs and dutiesâand from sales of federal land.
The spirit of economic individualism was always with us, and by the middle of the nineteenth century it had become a kind of secular religion in the world of business, even when the aim of big business was to snuff out the very entrepreneurialism that nurtured commerce to begin with. In 1886, at the height of the first Gilded Age, the U.S. Supreme Court declared that the Southern Pacific Railroadâand, by extension, all profit-making corporationsâwere entitled to be viewed as individual persons in the eyes of the law. We were the first country in the world to view them that way, but it made sense: Individualism was Us, even if Us was a corporate leviathan. Americans have never fully accepted the idea that tax tables should be designed, and revenues disbursed, in a way that makes government the redistributor of wealth and guarantor of income. "Fairness" is one thing, redistribution another.
There was another viewâa counterpointâand much of our history is about the struggle of communal thinking to gain sway in the economic life of America. The question has never been whether Americans would pitch in to help each otherâbut rather the extent to which government could require them to do so. Observers from Tocqueville onward have commented on our willingness, even eagerness, to join voluntary associations, from civic groups to teaching circles. Americans give more to charity per capita than citizens of any other country. Bill Gates and Warren Buffett established the wealthiest charitable foundation in history. We may "bowl alone" more often these days, as author Robert Putnam gloomily puts it in his metaphor for anomie,3 but we also worry about the fact that we do so. Walt Whitman,4 our bard of brotherhood, saw no conflict between his own credo of the individual and his love of all mankind. "[W]hoever walks a furlong without sympathy," he wrote in "Song of Myself," "walks to his own funeral drest in a shroud."
But what is the government's role in reconciling two age-old American concepts: "There's no such thing as a free lunch" and "united we stand"?
đđĄđ˘đđĄ đ¨đ đđĄđ đđ¨đĽđĽđ¨đ°đ˘đ§đ đđđŹđ đđđŹđđŤđ˘đđđŹ đđĄđ đđŽđ§đđđ˘đ¨đ§ đ¨đ đđĄđ đđ˘đŤđŹđ đŹđđ§đđđ§đđ ("đ đđ¨đŽđ§đđŤđ˛ . . . đ đŠđŤđ¨đđĽđđŚ") ?
It makes a claim that the passage goes on to defend.
đđđĄđđ đđĄ
đđ§ đđĄđ đ¨đŠđđ§đ˘đ§đ đŹđđ§đđđ§đđ, đđĄđ đđŽđđĄđ¨đŤ đđŹđŹđŽđŚđđŹ đ°đĄđ˘đđĄ đ¨đ đđĄđ đđ¨đĽđĽđ¨đ°đ˘đ§đ đđđ¨đŽđ đĄđ˘đŹ đđŽđđ˘đđ§đđ?
They are familiar with the phrase "life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness."
đđđĄđđ đđĄ
đđ§ đđĄđ đŹđđđ¨đ§đ đŹđđ§đđđ§đđ đ¨đ đđĄđ đđ˘đŤđŹđ đŠđđŤđđ đŤđđŠđĄ ("đđ¨ đŚđđ§ . . . đŠđĄđ˛đŹđ˘đđđĽđĽđ˛"), đ°đĄđ˘đđĄ đ¨đ đđĄđ đđ¨đĽđĽđ¨đ°đ˘đ§đ đđđŹđ đđđŹđđŤđ˘đđđŹ đđĄđ đđŽđđĄđ¨đŤ'đŹ đŠđđŤđŹđŠđđđđ˘đŻđ đ¨đ§ đđ¨đĄđ§ đđ¨đ§đ§đ'đŹ đŠđ¨đŹđ˘đđ˘đ¨đ§?
He rebuts it by offering a counterexample.
đđđĄđđ đđĄ
đđĄđ đđĄđ˘đŤđ đŹđđ§đđđ§đđ đ¨đ đđĄđ đđ˘đŤđŹđ đŠđđŤđđ đŤđđŠđĄ ("đđĄđ đđ¨đ§đđ˘đ§đđ§đ . . . đđĽđ¨đ§đ") đđđŻđđ§đđđŹ đđĄđ đđŽđđĄđ¨đŤ'đŹ đŠđŽđŤđŠđ¨đŹđ đđ˛ đŠđŤđđŹđđ§đđ˘đ§đ đđĄđđŤđđđđđŤđ˘đŹđđ˘đđŹ đđ§đ đđđđđŽđŤđđŹ đđĄđđ
help define the idea presented in the previous sentence
đđđĄđđ đđĄ
đđ§ đđĄđ đŹđđđ¨đ§đ đŹđđ§đđđ§đđ đ¨đ đđĄđ đŹđđđ¨đ§đ đŠđđŤđđ đŤđđŠđĄ ("đđ§ đĄđ˘đŹ đđ˘đŤđŹđ . . . đ˘đ§đđđŠđđ§đđđ§đđ"), đđĄđ đđŽđđĄđ¨đŤ đ˘đ§đđĽđŽđđđŹ đđĄđ đŚđđđđŤđ˘đđĽ đŹđđ đ¨đđ đđ˛ đđđŹđĄđđŹ đŠđŤđ˘đŚđđŤđ˘đĽđ˛ đđ¨
identify the specific occasion on which George Washington delivered his first Farewell Address
đđđĄđđ đđĄ
đđĄđ˘đđĄ đ¨đ đđĄđ đđ¨đĽđĽđ¨đ°đ˘đ§đ đđđŹđ đđđŹđđŤđ˘đđđŹ đđĄđ đŤđđĽđđđ˘đ¨đ§đŹđĄđ˘đŠ đ¨đ đđĄđ đŹđđđ¨đ§đ đđ§đ đđĄđ˘đŤđ đŠđđŤđđ đŤđđŠđĄđŹ đđ¨ đđĄđ đđ˘đŤđŹđ đŠđđŤđđ đŤđđŠđĄ?
The second and third paragraphs develop a line of reasoning to support the first paragraph's claim about self-reliance in America.
đđđĄđđ đđĄ
đđĄđ˘đđĄ đ¨đ đđĄđ đđ¨đĽđĽđ¨đ°đ˘đ§đ đđđŹđ đđđŹđđŤđ˘đđđŹ đđĄđ đŤđđĽđđđ˘đ¨đ§đŹđĄđ˘đŠ đđđđ°đđđ§ đđĄđ đđĄđ˘đŤđ đŠđđŤđđ đŤđđŠđĄ đđ§đ đđĄđ đđ˘đŤđŹđ đđ°đ¨ đŠđđŤđđ đŤđđŠđĄđŹ?
The third paragraph broadens a concept introduced and described in the first two paragraphs.
đđđĄđđ đđĄ
đđĄđ đđŽđđĄđ¨đŤ đ˘đ§đđŤđ¨đđŽđđđŹ "đđ§đ¨đđĄđđŤ đŻđ˘đđ°" (đŠđđŤđđ đŤđđŠđĄ đ, đŹđđ§đđđ§đđ đ) đŠđŤđ˘đŚđđŤđ˘đĽđ˛ đđ¨ đđđŻđđĽđ¨đŠ đ đđ¨đ§đđŤđđŹđ đđđđ°đđđ§ đđŚđđŤđ˘đđđ§đŹ'
resistance toward government-controlled wealth redistribution versus their openness to participate in voluntary wealth redistribution
đđđĄđđ đđĄ
đđĄđ˘đđĄ đ¨đ đđĄđ đđ¨đĽđĽđ¨đ°đ˘đ§đ đđđŹđ đđ¨đŚđŠđđŤđđŹ đĄđ¨đ° đđĄđ đđŽđđĄđ¨đŤ đ¨đ đđĄđ đŠđđŹđŹđđ đ đđ§đ đđ¨đđđŤđ đđŽđđ§đđŚ đŻđ˘đđ° đđĄđ đđĽđđ˘đŚ đđĄđđ đđŚđđŤđ˘đđđ§đŹ "'đđ¨đ°đĽ đđĽđ¨đ§đ' đŚđ¨đŤđ đ¨đđđđ§" (đŠđđŤđđ đŤđđŠđĄ đ, đŹđđ§đđđ§đđ đ) ?
They both acknowledge the validity of the claim, but the author views this development with less despair than does Putnam.
đđđĄđđ đđĄ
đđ§ đđĄđ đŹđ˘đąđđĄ đŹđđ§đđđ§đđ đ¨đ đđĄđ đđ˘đđđĄ đŠđđŤđđ đŤđđŠđĄ ("đđ đŚđđ˛ . . . đđ¨ đŹđ¨"), đđĄđ đđŽđđĄđ¨đŤ đŠđĽđđđđŹ đŞđŽđ¨đđđđ˘đ¨đ§ đŚđđŤđ¤đŹ đđŤđ¨đŽđ§đ đđĄđ đŠđĄđŤđđŹđ "đđ¨đ°đĽ đđĽđ¨đ§đ" đŠđŤđ˘đŚđđŤđ˘đĽđ˛ đđ¨
attribute the phrase to another author
đđđĄđđ đđĄ
đđ§ đđĄđ đĽđđŹđ đđ°đ¨ đŹđđ§đđđ§đđđŹ đ¨đ đđĄđ đđ˘đđđĄ đŠđđŤđđ đŤđđŠđĄ, đđĄđ đđŽđđĄđ¨đŤ đŠđŤđđŹđđ§đđŹ đđđĽđ đđĄđ˘đđŚđđ§ đđŹ đ đđ˘đ đŽđŤđ đ°đĄđ¨
embodies the complex relationship between individualistic and communal thinking in American culture
đđđĄđđ đđĄ
đđ§ đđĄđ đđ˘đ§đđĽ đŹđđ§đđđ§đđ ("đđŽđ đ°đĄđđ . . . đŹđđđ§đ"), đđĄđ đđŽđđĄđ¨đŤ đ˘đ§đđ˘đđđđđŹ đđĄđ đŤđđĽđđđ˘đ¨đ§đŹđĄđ˘đŠ đđđđ°đđđ§ đđĄđ "đđ°đ¨ đđ đ-đ¨đĽđ đđŚđđŤđ˘đđđ§ đđ¨đ§đđđŠđđŹ" đđ˛ đđŚđŠđĽđ¨đ˛đ˘đ§đ
coordination to suggest a balance between the two concepts
đđđĄđ˘đŚđđ¨đĽ
(đđŠđŚ đąđ˘đ´đ´đ˘đ¨đŚ đŁđŚđđ°đ¸ đŞđ´ đ˘ đĽđłđ˘đ§đľ.)
(1) While scientists are discovering titanosaur bones all over the world with remarkable frequency, according to paleontologist Kristina Curry Rogers, "the earliest phases of [the titanosaur] take over are still pretty mysterious." (2) Now, however, paleontologists have undoubtedly uncovered the key piece in the puzzle with the announcement of a new dinosaur discovery in Tanzania: a titanosaur dubbed the Mnyamawamtuka moyowamkia. (3) The specimen unearthed by the scientists lived between 110 and 100 million years ago, meaning that the species was an early member of the titanosaur group. (4) By studying this new dinosaur, paleontologists believe they can determine the precise function of its mysteriously heart-shaped tail bones.
(5) The announcement in February 2019 created a great buzz in both the scientific community and the general public. (6) This excitement was in part because of a unique feature: the titanosaur's heart-shaped tail bones. (7) Indeed, the dinosaur's name, Mnyamawamtuka moyowamkia, comes from the Swahili for "animal of the Mtuka with a heart-shaped tail." (8) Eric Gorscak, the paleontologist who led the excavation, described the long process involved in unearthing the titanosaur fossils from the Mtuka riverbed in Tanzania, a complicated endeavor that required excavators to scale a cliff wall with climbing gear. (9) Gorscak's team knew they had found a new species thanks to the weird tail bones, as well as specific neck and chest bones. (10) As for the function of the heart-shaped tail bones, Patrick O'Connor, a coauthor on the study, theorizes that they might have allowed the titanosaur to stiffen its long tail.
(11) The location of the dinosaur find, however, excited scientists even more than the distinctive tail bones. (12) Until recently, most titanosaur fossil discoveries have been in South America. (13) Hence, this new discovery of an early titanosaur species in Tanzania "provides a critical look at the group before the widespread diversification around the planet," says O'Connor. (14) And while titanosaurs were one of the most domineering groups during the age of dinosaurs, says Gorscak, "their early evolutionary history remains obscure, and Mnyamawamtuka helps reveal those beginnings." (15) Gorscak plans additional fossil digs in other parts of Africa, hoping to find other critical pieces of the Cretaceous titanosaur puzzle.
đđĄđ đ°đŤđ˘đđđŤ đ°đđ§đđŹ đđ¨ đđŻđ¨đ˘đ đđąđŠđŤđđŹđŹđ˘đ§đ đđĄđ đđŤđ đŽđŚđđ§đ đ¨đ đđĄđ đŠđđŹđŹđđ đ đ˘đ§ đđđŹđ¨đĽđŽđđ đđđŤđŚđŹ. đđĄđ˘đđĄ đ¨đ đđĄđ đđ¨đĽđĽđ¨đ°đ˘đ§đ đđĄđđ§đ đđŹ đŹđĄđ¨đŽđĽđ đđĄđ đ°đŤđ˘đđđŤ đŚđđ¤đ đ˘đ§ đ¨đŤđđđŤ đđ¨ đđđĄđ˘đđŻđ đđĄđ˘đŹ đ đ¨đđĽ?
In sentence 2, changing "have undoubtedly uncovered the" to "may have uncovered a"
đđđĄđ˘đŚđđ¨đĽ
đđĄđ đ°đŤđ˘đđđŤ đ°đđ§đđŹ đđ¨ đđđ đđ§ đ˘đ§đđŤđ¨đđŽđđđ¨đŤđ˛ đŹđđ§đđđ§đđ đđ¨ đđĄđ đŠđđŹđŹđđ đ đđĄđđ đ¨đŤđ˘đđ§đđŹ đđĄđ đđŽđđ˘đđ§đđ đđ˛ đŠđŤđ¨đŻđ˘đđ˘đ§đ đđ¨đ§đđđąđđŽđđĽ đ˘đ§đđ¨đŤđŚđđđ˘đ¨đ§. đđĄđ˘đđĄ đ¨đ đđĄđ đđ¨đĽđĽđ¨đ°đ˘đ§đ đŹđđ§đđđ§đđđŹ đđđŹđ đđđđ¨đŚđŠđĽđ˘đŹđĄđđŹ đđĄđ˘đŹ đ đ¨đđĽ?
Titanosaurs, the group of dinosaurs notable for their behemoth size, small heads, and long necks and tails, once plodded over every continent on Earth during the Cretaceous, the last period of dinosaurs before their extinction.
đđđĄđ˘đŚđđ¨đĽ
đđĄđ đ°đŤđ˘đđđŤ đ˘đŹ đđ¨đ§đŹđ˘đđđŤđ˘đ§đ đđĄđđ§đ đ˘đ§đ đŹđđ§đđđ§đđ đ (đŤđđŠđŤđ¨đđŽđđđ đđđĽđ¨đ°) đŹđ¨ đđĄđđ đ˘đ đđĽđđđŤđĽđ˛ đđŤđđ˘đđŽđĽđđđđŹ đđĄđ đŠđđŹđŹđđ đ'đŹ đ¨đŻđđŤđđŤđđĄđ˘đ§đ đđĽđđ˘đŚ.
đŠđ đđđđ đđđđ đđđđ đđđ đ đđđđđđđ, đđđđđđđđđđđđđđđ đđđđđđđ đđđđ đđđ âđ đđđđđđđđ đđđ đđđđđđđ đđđđđđđđ đđ đđđ đđđđđđđđđđđđ đđđđđ-đđđđđđ đđđđ đđđđđ.â
đđĄđ˘đđĄ đ¨đ đđĄđ đđ¨đĽđĽđ¨đ°đ˘đ§đ đŻđđŤđŹđ˘đ¨đ§đŹ đ¨đ đđĄđ đŽđ§đđđŤđĽđ˘đ§đđ đŠđ¨đŤđđ˘đ¨đ§ đ¨đ đŹđđ§đđđ§đđ đ đđđŹđ đŹđŽđŠđŠđ¨đŤđđŹ đđĄđ˘đŹ đ đ¨đđĽ?
solve the mystery of how titanosaurs became so widespread during the Cretaceous period
đđđĄđ˘đŚđđ¨đĽ
đđĄđ đ°đŤđ˘đđđŤ đ°đđ§đđŹ đđ¨ đđ¨đŚđđ˘đ§đ đŹđđ§đđđ§đđđŹ đ đđ§đ đ (đŤđđŠđŤđ¨đđŽđđđ đđđĽđ¨đ°) đđ¨ đŤđđđŽđđ đŤđđđŽđ§đđđ§đđ˛ đđ§đ đđ§đŹđŽđŤđ đŠđŤđđđ˘đŹđ˘đ¨đ§ đ¨đ đŚđđđ§đ˘đ§đ .
đťđđ đđđđđđđđđđđđ đđ đđđđđđđđ 2019 đđđđđđđ đ đđđđđ đđđđ đđ đđđđ đđđ đđđđđđđđđđ đđđđđđđđđ đđđ đđđ đđđđđđđ âđđđđđđ. đťđđđ đđđđđđđđđđ đđđ đđ đđđđ đđđđđđđ đđ đ đđđđđđ đđđđđđđ:â đđđ đđđđđđđđđđ'đ đđđđđ-đđđđđđ đđđđ đđđđđ.
đđĄđ˘đđĄ đ¨đ đđĄđ đđ¨đĽđĽđ¨đ°đ˘đ§đ đđĄđđ§đ đđŹ đđ¨ đđĄđ đŽđ§đđđŤđĽđ˘đ§đđ đŠđ¨đŤđđ˘đ¨đ§ đ¨đ đŹđđ§đđđ§đđđŹ đ đđ§đ đ đđđŹđ đđđđ¨đŚđŠđĽđ˘đŹđĄđđŹ đđĄđ˘đŹ đ đ¨đđĽ?
public, in part because of a unique feature
đđđĄđ˘đŚđđ¨đĽ
đđĄđ đ°đŤđ˘đđđŤ đ°đđ§đđŹ đđ¨ đđ§đŹđŽđŤđ đđĄđđ đđĄđ đĽđđ§đ đŽđđ đ đŽđŹđđ đ˘đ§ đŹđđ§đđđ§đđ đ (đŤđđŠđŤđ¨đđŽđđđ đđđĽđ¨đ°) đŚđđ˘đ§đđđ˘đ§đŹ đđĄđ đđ¨đ§đ đŽđŹđđ đ˘đ§ đđĄđ đŤđđŹđ đ¨đ đđĄđ đŠđđŹđŹđđ đ.
đŽđđđđđđ'đ đđđđ đđđđ đđđđ đđđ đđđđđ đ đđđ đđđđđđđ đđđđđđ đđ đđđ âđđđđđ â đđđđ đđđđđ, đđ đđđđ đđ đđđđđđđđ đđđđ đđđ đđđđđ đđđđđ.
đđĄđ˘đđĄ đ¨đ đđĄđ đđ¨đĽđĽđ¨đ°đ˘đ§đ đŻđđŤđŹđ˘đ¨đ§đŹ đ¨đ đđĄđ đŽđ§đđđŤđĽđ˘đ§đđ đđđąđ đđđŹđ đđđđ¨đŚđŠđĽđ˘đŹđĄđđŹ đđĄđ˘đŹ đ đ¨đđĽ?
distinctive
đđđĄđ˘đŚđđ¨đĽ
đđĄđ đ°đŤđ˘đđđŤ đ°đđ§đđŹ đđ¨ đđđ đđĄđ đđ¨đĽđĽđ¨đ°đ˘đ§đ đŹđđ§đđđ§đđ đđ¨ đđĄđ đŹđđđ¨đ§đ đŠđđŤđđ đŤđđŠđĄ.
đ°đ đđđđ, đđ đđđđđđđđđ đđđ đđđ đđđđđđđ đđđđ đđđđ đđđđđđ đđđđđđđđđđđđđđđ đđđđđ đ đđđđđđđđđ đ´. đđđđđđđđđđ đđđđđ đđ 2004, đđ đđđđ 15 đđđđđ đđ đđđđđ đđđđđđđđ đđđđ, đđđđđ đđđđ đđđđđđđđ, đđđ đđđđđđđ đđđ đđđđđđđ.
đđĄđ˘đđĄ đ¨đ đđĄđ đđ¨đĽđĽđ¨đ°đ˘đ§đ đđĄđ¨đ˘đđđŹ đ˘đŹ đđĄđ đŚđ¨đŹđ đĽđ¨đ đ˘đđđĽ đŠđĽđđđ đđ¨ đ˘đ§đŹđđŤđ đđĄđ˘đŹ đŹđđ§đđđ§đđ đ˘đ§ đđĄđ đŠđđŤđđ đŤđđŠđĄ?
Before sentence 9
đđđĄđ˘đŚđđ¨đĽ
đđĄđ đ°đŤđ˘đđđŤ đ˘đŹ đđ¨đ§đŹđ˘đđđŤđ˘đ§đ đđĄđđ§đ đ˘đ§đ đđĄđ đŽđ§đđđŤđĽđ˘đ§đđ đŠđ¨đŤđđ˘đ¨đ§ đ¨đ đŹđđ§đđđ§đđ đđ (đŤđđŠđŤđ¨đđŽđđđ đđđĽđ¨đ°) đŹđ¨ đđĄđđ đ˘đ đ˘đŹ đđ¨đ§đŹđ˘đŹđđđ§đ đ°đ˘đđĄ đđĄđ đ°đŤđ˘đđđŤ'đŹ đŠđđŤđŹđŠđđđđ˘đŻđ đ¨đ§ đđ˘đđđ§đ¨đŹđđŽđŤđŹ đ˘đ§ đđĄđ đŠđđŹđŹđđ đ.
đ¨đđ đđđđđ đđđđđđđđđđđ đđđđ đđđ đđ đđđ đđđđ âđ đđđđđđđđđđâ đđđđđđ đ đđđđđ đđđ đđđ đđ đ đđđđđđđđ, đđđđ đŽđđđđđđ, "đđđđđ đđđđđ đđđđđđđđđđđđ đđđđđđđ đđđđđđđ đđđđđđđ, đđđ đ´đđđđđđđđđđđđ đđđđđ đđđđđđ đđđđđ đđđđđđđđđđ."
đđĄđ˘đđĄ đ¨đ đđĄđ đđ¨đĽđĽđ¨đ°đ˘đ§đ đŻđđŤđŹđ˘đ¨đ§đŹ đ¨đ đđĄđ đŽđ§đđđŤđĽđ˘đ§đđ đŠđ¨đŤđđ˘đ¨đ§ đ¨đ đŹđđ§đđđ§đđ đđ đđđŹđ đđđđ¨đŚđŠđĽđ˘đŹđĄđđŹ đđĄđ˘đŹ đ đ¨đđĽ?
prevalent
đđđĄđ˘đŚđđ¨đĽ
đđĄđ đ°đŤđ˘đđđŤ đ˘đŹ đđ¨đ§đŹđ˘đđđŤđ˘đ§đ đđđđ˘đ§đ đđĄđ đđ¨đĽđĽđ¨đ°đ˘đ§đ đŹđđ§đđđ§đđ đđđđđŤ đŹđđ§đđđ§đđ đđ.
đ°đ đđđđđđ đđ đđđđđ , đđ đđđđđđ, đđđđ đŽđđđđđđ đđđ đđđ đđđđ đđđđđ đđđđđđđđđđđđđ 45 đđđđđđđ đđ đđđ đ. đŚđ¨đ˛đ¨đ°đđŚđ¤đ˘đ đđđđđđđđ đđđ đđđđđđđđđđđđđ đ đđ đđđ đđđđđđđ đđđ đđđđđ.
đđĄđ¨đŽđĽđ đđĄđ đ°đŤđ˘đđđŤ đŚđđ¤đ đđĄđ˘đŹ đđđđ˘đđ˘đ¨đ§ đđđđđŤ đŹđđ§đđđ§đđ đđ ?
No, because it undermines the unity of the passage's conclusion by adding a detail that does not add to the discussion of the find's importance.
đđđĄđđĄđđŚ
(đđŠđŚ đąđ˘đ´đ´đ˘đ¨đŚ đŁđŚđđ°đ¸ đŞđ´ đ˘ đĽđłđ˘đ§đľ.)
(1) Buyers can expect to find bananas of roughly the same size, sweetness, and texture in grocery stores around the world, and growers can expect consistent yields across thousands of acres of Cavendish banana trees. (2) The uniformity of the Cavendish banana makes it uniquely vulnerable to disease.
(3) Growing only one breed of a crop is a common way for farmers to maximize output and other desirable qualities, but the Cavendish banana is terribly lacking in diversity because its trees are grown not from seeds but from cuttings of existing trees. (4) The dangers of this lack of genetic diversity are illustrated by the story of the Cavendish's predecessor in the global market: the Gros Michel banana. (5) Lacking any variants that were resistant to fusarium wilt, the Gros Michel was wiped out by the 1960s. (6) Banana growers replaced the Gros Michel with the Cavendish, which was immune to fusarium wilt, but a new fungus that affects the Cavendish has recently appeared in several banana-producing countries. (7) The history of the Gros Michel appears to be repeating itself with the Cavendish.
(8) Growers could limit bananas' vulnerability to disease and prevent devastating epidemics by cultivating more varieties of banana. (9) But decisions about what bananas to grow depend on what consumers will buy. (10) The Cavendish is popular because it is familiar, tasty, and inexpensive; other bananas would look and taste different and may cost more. (11) According to plant pathologist Randy Ploetz, consumers will need to be "more open-minded about what kind of banana they'll accept."
đđĄđ đ°đŤđ˘đđđŤ đ°đđ§đđŹ đđ¨ đđđ đ đŹđđ§đđđ§đđ đđđđ¨đŤđ đŹđđ§đđđ§đđ đ đđ¨ đ˘đ§đđŤđ¨đđŽđđ đđĄđ đŚđđ˘đ§ đđ¨đŠđ˘đ đ¨đ đđĄđ đŠđđŹđŹđđ đ. đđĄđ˘đđĄ đ¨đ đđĄđ đđ¨đĽđĽđ¨đ°đ˘đ§đ đđĄđ¨đ˘đđđŹ đđđŹđ đđđđ¨đŚđŠđĽđ˘đŹđĄđđŹ đđĄđ˘đŹ đ đ¨đđĽ?
The Cavendish banana, the most widely available type of banana in the world, is prized by consumers and producers in part because of its predictability.
đđđĄđđĄđđŚ
đđĄđ đ°đŤđ˘đđđŤ đ°đđ§đđŹ đđ¨ đđđ đ đđŤđđ§đŹđ˘đđ˘đ¨đ§ đđ¨ đđĄđ đđđ đ˘đ§đ§đ˘đ§đ đ¨đ đŹđđ§đđđ§đđ đ (đŤđđŠđŤđ¨đđŽđđđ đđđĽđ¨đ°), đđđŁđŽđŹđđ˘đ§đ đđĄđ đđđŠđ˘đđđĽđ˘đłđđđ˘đ¨đ§ đđ§đ đŠđŽđ§đđđŽđđđ˘đ¨đ§ đđŹ đ§đđđđđ, đđ¨ đŹđĄđ¨đ° đđĄđ đŤđđĽđđđ˘đ¨đ§đŹđĄđ˘đŠ đđđđ°đđđ§ đŹđđ§đđđ§đđđŹ đ đđ§đ đ.
đťđđ đđđđđđđđđđ đđ đđđ đŞđđđđđ đđđ đđđđđđ đđđđđ đđ đđđđđđđđ đđđđđđđđđđ đđ đ đđđđđđ.
đđĄđ˘đđĄ đ¨đ đđĄđ đđ¨đĽđĽđ¨đ°đ˘đ§đ đđĄđ¨đ˘đđđŹ đđđŹđ đđđđ¨đŚđŠđĽđ˘đŹđĄđđŹ đđĄđ˘đŹ đ đ¨đđĽ?
However
đđđĄđđĄđđŚ
đđĄđ đ°đŤđ˘đđđŤ đ°đđ§đđŹ đđ¨ đđđ đ đđĄđđŹđ˘đŹ đŹđđđđđŚđđ§đ đđđđđŤ đŹđđ§đđđ§đđ đ đđĄđđ đđđđŽđŤđđđđĽđ˛ đŤđđŠđŤđđŹđđ§đđŹ đđĄđ đŚđđ˘đ§ đđŤđ đŽđŚđđ§đ đ¨đ đđĄđ đŠđđŹđŹđđ đ. đđĄđ˘đđĄ đ¨đ đđĄđ đđ¨đĽđĽđ¨đ°đ˘đ§đ đđĄđ¨đ˘đđđŹ đđđŹđ đđđđ¨đŚđŠđĽđ˘đŹđĄđđŹ đđĄđ˘đŹ đ đ¨đđĽ?
To ensure that bananas survive for years to come, producers and consumers need to diversify the types of bananas they grow and eat.
đđđĄđđĄđđŚ
đđ§ đđĄđ đŽđ§đđđŤđĽđ˘đ§đđ đŠđ¨đŤđđ˘đ¨đ§ đ¨đ đŹđđ§đđđ§đđ đ (đŤđđŠđŤđ¨đđŽđđđ đđđĽđ¨đ°), đđĄđ đ°đŤđ˘đđđŤ đ°đđ§đđŹ đđ¨ đŽđŹđ đ đ§đđŽđđŤđđĽ đđ¨đ§đ đ°đĄđđ§ đđđŹđđŤđ˘đđ˘đ§đ đđĄđ đ đŤđ¨đ°đ˘đ§đ đŠđŤđđđđ˘đđđŹ đŽđŹđđ đđ¨ đđŽđĽđđ˘đŻđđđ đđđŻđđ§đđ˘đŹđĄ đđđ§đđ§đ đđŤđđđŹ.
đŽđđđđđđ đđđđ đđđ đđđđđ đđ đ đđđđ đđ đ đđđđđđ đđđ đđđ đđđđđđđ đđ đđđđđđđđ đđđđđđ đđđ đđđđđ đ đđđđđđđđ đđđđđđđđđ, đđđ đđđ đŞđđđđđ đđđ đđđđđđ đđ âđđđđđđđđâ đđđđđđđ đđ đ đđđđđđđđ đđđđđđđ đđđ đđđđđ đđđ đđđđđ đđđ đđđđ đđđđ đ đđđ đđđđ đđđđđđđđ đđ đđđđđđđđ đđđđđ.
đđĄđ˘đđĄ đ¨đ đđĄđ đđ¨đĽđĽđ¨đ°đ˘đ§đ đđĄđ¨đ˘đđđŹ đđđŹđ đđđđ¨đŚđŠđĽđ˘đŹđĄđđŹ đđĄđ˘đŹ đ đ¨đđĽ?
unusually
đđđĄđđĄđđŚ
đđĄđ đ°đŤđ˘đđđŤ đ°đđ§đđŹ đđ¨ đđđ đ đŹđđ§đđđ§đđ đđđđđŤ đŹđđ§đđđ§đđ đ đđĄđđ đđđŻđđĽđ¨đŠđŹ đđĄđ đ§đđŤđŤđđđ˘đŻđ đ˘đ§ đđĄđ đŹđđđ¨đ§đ đŠđđŤđđ đŤđđŠđĄ đ˘đ§ đ đ°đđ˛ đđĄđđ đŚđđ¤đđŹ đđĄđ đđŽđđ˘đđ§đđ đđđđĽ đđĄđ đ˘đŚđŠđđđ đ¨đ đđĄđ đĽđ¨đŹđŹ đ¨đ đđĄđ đđŤđ¨đŹ đđ˘đđĄđđĽ đđđ§đđ§đ. đđĄđ˘đđĄ đ¨đ đđĄđ đđ¨đĽđĽđ¨đ°đ˘đ§đ đŹđđ§đđđ§đđđŹ đđđŹđ đđđđ¨đŚđŠđĽđ˘đŹđĄđđŹ đđĄđ˘đŹ đ đ¨đđĽ?
This delicious and productive banana was also grown from cuttings until a fungus called fusarium wilt devastated Gros Michel trees.
đđđĄđđĄđđŚ
đđ§ đŹđđ§đđđ§đđ đ (đŤđđŠđŤđ¨đđŽđđđ đđđĽđ¨đ°), đđĄđ đ°đŤđ˘đđđŤ đ°đđ§đđŹ đđ¨ đŚđđ¤đ đ đđĽđđ˘đŚ đđĄđđ đŤđđđŽđđŹ đđĄđ đđĽđđ˘đŚ đŚđđđ đ˘đ§ đŹđđ§đđđ§đđ đ đđ§đ đđĄđđ đŹđđđŹ đŽđŠ đđĄđ đŤđđŹđ đ¨đ đđĄđ đŠđđŤđđ đŤđđŠđĄ.
đŠđđ đ đđđđđđđđ đđđđđ đđđđ đđđđđđđ đđ đđđđ đ đđđđđ đđ đđđđ đđđđđđđđđ đđđđ đđđ.
đđĄđ˘đđĄ đ¨đ đđĄđ đđ¨đĽđĽđ¨đ°đ˘đ§đ đŻđđŤđŹđ˘đ¨đ§đŹ đ¨đ đŹđđ§đđđ§đđ đ đđđŹđ đđđđ¨đŚđŠđĽđ˘đŹđĄđđŹ đđĄđ˘đŹ đ đ¨đđĽ?
(As it is now)
Note 
Flashcards (53)