AP World History Flashcards

Vocabulary flashcards from AP World History notes

Ottoman Achievements

Built Topkapi Palace & Suleymaniye Mosque, Istabul became a cultural center, Restored Saint Sophia to show dominance

Louis XIV

Used Versailles to control nobles & show wealth & power

Peter (Russia)

Taxed goods & state industries, rasing taxes when funds were low, worsening peasent oppression

China

Collected tributes to show power; Korea was a tributary state

Aztec Empire

Conquered people paid tributes, collected by Aztec officials

Islam Split

Split between Sunni & Shi'a branches of the religion

Martin Luther

Opposed indulgences & simony; posted 95 Theses, advocating 'faith alone' for salvation

Peace of Augsburg (1555)

Ended coflict between Catholics & Lutherans in Holy Roman Empire, allowing German state to choose its official religion

Ottoman Empire

After 1453, Islam became dominant, & Shariah law replaced Byzantine laws

Francis Bacon (1620)

Introduced empiricism, emphasizing data-based evidence over tradition

King James I (England)

Belived Kings ruled by God's will, making them above the law

Cardinal Richelien

Created system of intendants (bureaucrats) to collect taxes & enforce royal orders

Louis XIV

Declared, 'I am the state', held absolute power, and weakened the nobility

English Bill of Rights (1689)

Limited royal authority, required Parliament's approval for taxes, & protected individual rights

Devshirme system

System recruited Christian boys ages 8 to 20, mostly from the Balkans to serve the Ottoman sultans

Ming Dynasty (1368-1644)

Replaced Mongol-led Yuan Dynasty & sought to erase Mongol influence

Tokugawa Shogunate (1603-1868)

Centralized Japan into 250 hans, controlled daimyo power

Akbar's Rule (1556-1605)

Expanded the empire, centralized government, allowed fair legal appeal

Zamindars

Officials in charge of duties like taxation & construction; Kept a portion of taxes

Ottoman Military

Used Janissaries who were given villages

Mughal

Emperors appointed zamindars to collect taxes based on land & production

Ottoman 'Tax Farmers'

Payed a fixed sum to government, then profited by collecting more from locals

Aztec

Required yearly tributes from surrounding areas, including goods or people for sacrifices

Christopher Columbus's voyage

Connected Eastern & Western hemispheres-first global trade networks

Trans-Atlantic Trade

Linked Americas, Europe, & Africa, boosting plantations & slave trade

Columbian Exchange

Exchanged crops, animals, & diseses; Impact: Crops like potatoes boasted European populations; diseases like smallpox devastated population of the Americas

Primogeniture

Only eldest sons inherited land, leaveing younger sons to seek opportunities abroad

Rudder

Enhanced ship control

Astrolable

Measured latitude

Compass

Provided direction using Earth's magnetic field

Lateen sail

Allowed travel w/ wind from many directions, expanding sea routes

Dutch East India Company

Highly profitable, dominated trade in spice Islands & Southeast Asia

Syncretism

Combining of differnt religions beliefs & practices

Devshirme

System of taking people as part of a blood tax in Ottoman Empire

Columbian Exchange

Transfer of diseases, foods, & animals between Ahemispheres, & Columbus voyages

Cultural Blending

Some conquered people influenced their conquerors, resulting in blended cultures

Jews in Ottoman Empire

The Sultan Mehmed II invited expelled Jews in 1492 to settle in I stabul, but with restrictions

"Black Legend"

Refers to the belief in Spanish colonial cruelty

Foreign Trade in China

Emperor Kangxi allowed foreign trade by opening parts to European merchants & missionaries

Timar

System where sultan granted land or tax revenues to those he favored

Qing Dynasty

Han men had to wear quenes (braided pigtails) as a loyalty test, refusal led to execution

Encomienda

System to access gold & other American resources

American silver

American silver fueled trade with china, became main currency by the 17th centrey and that boosted global economy

Bartholomew Diaz

Reached Cape of Good Hope (1488) but turned back

Vasco da Gama

Reached India (1498), expanded Portuguese trade

Prince Henry the Navigator

1394-1460 Sponsored exploration for gold & a sea route to Asia; began the Atlantic slave trade

Ming Dynasty Restricted Trade

Used the Mongols Yaan

The Industrial Revolution

Improved factories, transportation, & communication

Monoculture

Farmers were forced to grow cash crops, this reduced agriculteral diversity, increasing vulnerability to diseases & pests

Economic imperialism

When foreign businesses hold great economic power or influence

East India

India's cotton & silk textiles replaced spices (1600s), & 1700s the company dominated world textile & trade

Culture System (1830)

Forced Indonesian farmers to grow cash crops for export or work unpaid labor (corvée laber), was abolished in 1870

china Empress Dowager cixi

A conservative, opposed to reforms & wanted to protect traditional social & government systems, she imprisoned the emperor who wanted to support 'Hundred Days of Reform', but towards the end of her rule came to realize the problem w/ the civil service system

utilitarianis

Aiming for 'the greatest good for the greatest number of people'

Industrialization

The increase mechanization of production, & the changes that followed this shift, rooted in several influences

Company rule

British East india Company control over parts of the indian subcontinent (1757-1858)

Haiti

Enslaves africans began rebellion by killing their masters & burning their homes

Toussaint L'Ouverture

Led rebellion againt slavery, secured abolition of slavery in Haiti, led to independence from France

Nationalism

A unifying force, threatened large empires, united people w/ shared culture into oher Political state

Socialism

System of public or direct worker ownership of the means of production like mills & make cloth

Adam Smith

One of the most influential thinkes of the Enlightenment, his ideas provided a foundation for capitalism

Empiricism

Belief that knowledge comes from sensed experience

Pan-Africanism

celebration of unity of culture

Ghana

first sub Saharan African country to gain independence in 1957, marking a significant morment in African nationalism

FLN

National Liberation Front

revenge

Germany made france sign documents of surendering is Just like the french did to Germany

"Final Solution"

The nazi plan to Kill the Jewish population during the Holocaust

Appeasement

Aimed to aried war by conceding to Hitler, beliving his anti-communiam could be useful

china & USSR

They weren't friends. They ended up on the same side, because they both opposed the U.S

Vietnam War

The U. S sent advisers to South Vietnam to prevent a communist takeover & supported the unpopular south vietnamese ruler Ngo Dinh Diem

Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty

Signed by USSR & U.S in 1963 to ban testing nuclear weapons in space, above ground, & underwater. (underground is allowed)

Potsdam Confrence

Truman pushed for free elections in Eastern Europe, but Stalin, backed by soviet troops, refused & established communit control in several countries

The Tehran Confrence (1943)

The Allies agreed the USSR would focus on Eastern Europe while Britain & U.S. handled Western Europe

Pearl Harbor

Japan surprise air attack on U.S naval base in Hawaii

1941 Lend-Lease Act

Ended U.S. neutrality by providing way supplies to Britain

NATO

North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Formed in 1949, Made up of the US, Canada, & Western European nations, First set up to guard against communit party

The Warsaw Pact

Formed in 1955. Made up of Soviet Union, & Eastern European nations. First goal was to contain democracy & defend its members, Defend communism.

Berline Blockade

Soviets Blacked west Berline to take control, they prevented ever Supplies from arriving by land

Berlin Wall

To stop East Germans from fleeing to west Germany, the East German & Soviet governments built the Berlin wall in 1961

Iron Curtain

Metaphor used to describe the split between Eastern & Western Europe

United Nations (UN)

replaced league of Nations in 1945 after WWII

1949 Royal Indian Navy Revolt

Was when Britain realized it could no longer rule, leading to independence negotiations; Economic struggles = india's independence

realpolitik

practical politics over moral considerations