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Chapter 3: Discovering and Settling the New World 1492-1700

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John Calvin

French humanist whose theological writings profoundly influenced religious thoughts of Europeans. Developed Calvinism at Geneva. Wrote Institutes of Christian Religion

Martin Luther

a German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Chruch. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices.

John Smith

..., Helped found and govern Jamestown. His leadership and strict discipline helped the Virginia colony get through the difficult first winter.

Protestant Reformation

..., a religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches

Treaty of Tordesillas

..., Set the Line of Demarcation which was a boundary established in 1493 to define Spanish and Portuguese possessions in the Americas.

Roanoke

..., Established in 1587. Called the Lost Colony. It was financed by Sir Walter Raleigh, and its leader in the New World was John White. All the settlers disappeared, and historians still don't know what became of them.

Virginia Company

..., Joint-stock company chartered by King James I of England; established the first permanent English colony in America at Jamestown in 1607.

elect

..., in Calvinist doctrine, those who have been chosen by God for salvation.

encomienda

..., a grant of land made by Spain to a settler in the Americas, including the right to use Native Americans as laborers on it

Chapter 4: The Atlantic World 1600-1750

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John Winthrop

..., Puritan Governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony, envisioned colony as a "city upon a hill"

Anne Hutchinson

..., She preached the idea that God communicated directly to individuals instead of through the church elders. She was forced to leave Massachusetts in 1637. Her followers (the Antinomianists) founded the colony of New Hampshire in 1639.

Roger Williams

..., He founded Rhode Island for separation of Church and State. He believed that the Puritans were too powerful and was ordered to leave the Massachusetts Bay Colony for his religious beliefs.

John Rolfe

..., married Pocahontas and started the planting of tobacco in Jamestown

Lord Baltimore

..., 1694- He was the founder of Maryland, a colony which offered religious freedom, and a refuge for the persecuted Roman Catholics.

Sir William Berkeley

..., the royal governor of Virginia. Adopted policies that favored large planters and neglected the needs of recent settlers in the 'backcountry.' His shortcomings led to Bacon's Rebellion

Nathaniel Bacon

..., Planter who led a rebellion in 1676 against the governor of the Virginia Colony

William and Mary

..., King and Queen of England in 1688. With them, King James' Catholic reign ended. As they were Protestant, the Puritans were pleased because only protestants could be office-holders.

The Church of England

..., Also known as the Anglican Church, this Church was founded by 1534 by King Henry VIII, The king sought to divorce his first wife Catherine of Aragon however Pope Clement VII refused to dissolve the marriage. Enraged the King broke away from the Roman Catholic Church.

Puritans

..., Protestant sect in England hoping to "purify" the Anglican church of Roman Catholic traces in practice and organization.

New England Confederation

..., 1643 - Formed to provide for the defense of the four New England colonies, and also acted as a court in disputes between colonies.

separatists

..., People who wanted to have a separate, or different church than the church of England. Also known as Pilgrims.

Pilgrims

..., English Puritans who founded Plymouth colony in 1620

nonseparatists

..., This is another name for the Puritans who arrived in New England in 1629 due to oppression and persecution by the English Crown. While in England, these Puritans believed they must remain within the Church of England to reform it.

quakers

..., English dissenters who broke from Church of England, preache a doctrine of pacificism, inner divinity, and social equity, under William Penn they founded Pennsylvania

Great Migration

..., when more than 15,000 Puritans journeyed to Massachusetts to escape religious persecution and economic hard times

Holy Experiment

an attempt by the Religious Society of Friends or (Quakers) to establish a community for themselves in Pennsylvania. They hoped it would show to the world how well they could function on their own without any persecution or dissension.

Bacon's Rebellion

..., A rebellion lead by Nathaniel Bacon with backcountry farmers to attack Native Americans in an attempt to gain more land

Pueblo Revolt

an uprising of most of the Pueblo Indians against the Spanish settlers in the province of Santa Fe de Nuevo México, present day New Mexico.[1]

Glorious Revolution

..., This was the "revolution" that replaced James II with William and Mary that also recognized the supremacy of the Parliament with minimum bloodshed

Mayflower Compact

..., 1620 - The first agreement for self-government in America. It was signed by the 41 men on the Mayflower and set up a government for the Plymouth colony.

Halfway Covenant

..., Used by Puritan Churches to bolster attendance but also keep political leadership under the control respectable families. Conversion needed but not "regeneration" to be a member of the congregation.

Dominion of New England

..., 1686-The British government combined the colonies of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Connecticut into a single province headed by a royal governor (Andros). Ended in 1692, when the colonists revolted and drove out Governor Andros

Act of Toleration

The Act allowed freedom of worship to Nonconformists who had pledged to the oaths of Allegiance and Supremacy and rejected transubstantiation, i.e., Protestants who dissented from the Church of England such as Baptists and Congregationalists but not to Catholics. Nonconformists were allowed their own places of worship and their own teachers, if they accepted certain oaths of allegiance.

Fundamental Orders

..., document which established a regime democratically controlled by the substantial citizens of Hartford

Salem

witch trials

antimonianism

..., Idea spread by Anne Hutchinson, considered high heresy. Those who believed they were truly saved, did not believe they had to obey the law

plantation system

The division of the land into smaller units under private ownership

headright system

..., Headrights were parcels of land consisting of about 50 acres which were given to colonists who brought indentured servants into America. They were used by the Virginia Company to attract more colonists.

proprietary colonies

..., Colonies in which the proprietors (who had obtained their patents from the king) named the governors, subject to the king's approval.

indentured servants

..., Colonists who received free passage to North America in exchange for working without pay for a certain number of years

Chapter 5: Life in the Colonies 1700-1800

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Jonathan Edwards

..., American theologian whose sermons and writings stimulated a period of renewed interest in religion in America (1703-1758)

George Whitefield

..., Credited with starting the Great Awakening, also a leader of the "New Lights."

New Light Preachers

..., These preachers crisscrossed the colonies speaking to large crowds about the "fire and brimstone" eternity all sinners would face if they did not absolve their sins publicly. These preachers sought to undermine the power and prestige of "Old Light" ministers by proclaiming that ordinary people could understand the gospel of the Lord without the leadership of a man of the cloth.

Triangular Trade

..., A three way system of trade during 1600-1800s Aferica sent slaves to America, America sent Raw Materials to Europe, and Europe sent Guns and Rum to Africa

The Great Awakening

..., religious revival in the 1730-40s, helped by Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield; inspired controversy over emotionalism/revivalism versus traditionalist Protestantism, nevertheless united the Americans as a people

Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God

Jonathan Edward's sermon

stratification

..., the act or process or arranging persons into classes or social strata

mercantilism

..., an economic system (Europe in 18th C) to increase a nation's wealth by government regulation of all of the nation's commercial interests

Chapter 6: The Eve of the Revolution 1754-1775

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Benjamin Franklin

..., Printer, author, inventor, diplomat, statesman, and Founding Father. One of the few Americans who was highly respected in Europe, primarily due to his discoveries in the field of electricity.

John Locke

..., English empiricist philosopher who believed that all knowledge is derived from sensory experience (1632-1704)

William Pitt

..., English statesman who brought the Seven Years' War to an end (1708-1778)

Stamp Act Congress

..., A meeting of delegations from many of the colonies, the congress was formed to protest the newly passed Stamp Act It adopted a declaration of rights as well as sent letters of complaints to the king and parliament, and it showed signs of colonial unity and organized resistance.

Sons and Daughters of Liberty

..., Organizations that led protests, helped American soldiers, instated a boycott, and generally resisted the British.

The French and Indian War

..., (1754-1763) was the North American chapter of the Seven Years&\#039; War. The name refers to the two main enemies of the British: the royal French forces and the various American Indian forces allied with them. The conflict, the fourth such colonial war between the kingdoms of France and Great Britain, resulted in the British conquest of all of New France east of the Mississippi River, as well as Spanish Florida.

Pontiac's Rebellion

..., 1763 - An Indian uprising after the French and Indian War, led by an Ottowa chief named Pontiac. They opposed British expansion into the western Ohio Valley and began destroying British forts in the area. The attacks ended when Pontiac was killed.

Boston Massacre

..., The first bloodshed of the Amercan Revolution, as British guards at the Boston Customs House opened fire on a crowd killing five americans

Boston Tea Party

..., demonstration (1773) by citizens of Boston who (disguised as Indians) raided three British ships in Boston harbor and dumped hundreds of chests of tea into the harbor

The Albany Plan of Union

..., Ben Franklin's plan to unite the colonists (and Iroquois) and create a defense against the French

Peace of Paris

The Peace of Paris (1783) was the set of treaties which ended the American Revolutionary War.

Proclamation of 1763

..., A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalacian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east.

Sugar Acts

..., In 1764 this act was meant to tighten enforcement of English customs by reducing the tax on molasses and increasing enforcement it was meant to raise revenue, and marked the end of Salutary Neglect

Quartering Act

..., an act passed by the British that allowed British troops to live in the homes of the colonists

Stamp Act

..., an act passed by the British parliment in 1756 that raised revenue from the American colonies by a duty in the form of a stamp required on all newspapers and legal or commercial documents

Declaratory Act

..., Act passed in 1766 just after the repeal of the Stamp Act. Stated that Parliament could legislate for the colonies in all cases.

Townshend Acts

..., A tax that the British Parliament placed on leads, glass, paint and tea

Massachusetts Circular Letter

..., A letter written in Boston and circulated through the colonies in February, 1768, which urged the colonies not to import goods taxed by the Townshend Acts. Boston, New York, and Philadelphia agreed to non-importation. It was followed by the Virginia Circular Letter in May, 1768. Parliament ordered all colonial legislatures which did not rescind the circular letters dissolved.

Tea Act

..., Law passed by parliament allowing the British East India Company to sell its low-cost tea directly to the colonies - undermining colonial tea merchants; led to the Boston Tea Party

Coercive Acts

..., This series of laws were very harsh laws that intended to make Massachusetts pay for its resistance. It also closed down the Boston Harbor until the Massachusetts colonists paid for the ruined tea. Also forced Bostonians to shelter soilders in their own homes.

Quebec Act

..., Extended boundaries of Quebec and granted equal rights to Catholics and recognized legality Catholic Church in the territory; colonists feared this meant that a pope would soon oversee the colonies.

Intolerable Acts

..., in response to Boston Tea Party, 4 acts passed in 1774, Port of Boston closed, reduced power of assemblies in colonies, permitted royal officers to be tried elsewhere, provided for quartering of troop's in barns and empty houses

salutary neglect

..., An English policy of not strictly enforcing laws in its colonies

writs of assistance

..., legal document that enabled officers to search homes and warehouses for goods that might be smuggled

Chapter 7: The American Revolution 1775-1783

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Thomas Payne

As the author of two highly influential pamphlets at the start of the American Revolution, he inspired the Patriots in 1776 to declare independence from Britain.[2]

Daniel Shays

..., Head of Shay's Rebellion; he and several other angry farmers violently protested against debtor's jail; eventually crushed; aided in the creation of constitution because land owners now wanted to preserve what was theirs from "mobocracy"

James Madison

..., 4th President of the United States

Alexander Hamilton

..., United States statesman and leader of the Federalists

Thomas Jefferson

..., 3rd President of the United States

First Continental Congress

..., Delagates from all colonies except georgia met to discuss problems with britain and to promote independence

Patriots

..., Colonists who wanted independence from Britain

Loyalists

..., American colonists who remained loyal to Britain and opposed the war for independence

Tories

..., a person who supported the British cause in the American Revolution; a loyalist

Battle of Saratoga

..., a battle during the American Revolution (1777)

Shay's Rebellion

..., this conflict in Massachusetts caused many to criticize the Articles of Confederation and admit the weak central government was not working; uprising led by Daniel Shays in an effort to prevent courts from foreclosing on the farms of those who could not pay the taxes

Constitutional Convention

..., the convention of United States statesmen who drafted the United States Constitution in 1787

Declaration of Rights and Grievances

..., created by delegates from nine colonies, set forth view of British power in colonies. Parliament didn't have right to tax colonists without their legislative consent and demanded repeal of Stamp and Sugar Acts

Declaration of the Causes and Necessities of Taking Arms

..., A declaration by the representatives of the united colonies of North America, now met in Congress at Philadelphia, setting forth the causes and necessity of their taking up arms." Our cause is just, our union is perfect"

Olive Branch Petition

..., On July 8, 1775, the colonies made a final offer of peace to Britain, agreeing to be loyal to the British government if it addressed their grievances (repealed the Coercive Acts, ended the taxation without representation policies). It was rejected by Parliament, which in December 1775 passed the American Prohibitory Act forbidding all further trade with the colonies.

Common Sense

..., a pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that claimed the colonies had a right to be an independent nation

Declaration of Independence

..., the document recording the proclamation of the second Continental Congress (4 July 1776) asserting the independence of the colonies from Great Britain

Treaty of Paris

..., This treaty ended the Seven Years War

Articles of Confederation

..., a written agreement ratified in 1781 by the thirteen original states

Land Ordinance of 1785

..., A law that divided much of the United States into a system of townships to facilitate the sale of land to settlers.

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

..., Created the Northwest Territory (area north of the Ohio River and west of Pennsylvania), established conditions for self-government and statehood, included a Bill of Rights, and permanently prohibited slavery

arsenal

..., a place where arms are manufactured

insurrection

..., organized opposition to authority