APCSP- final DOL

Binary number

Each place value represents one 'bit'.

Bit (binary digit)

A bit can be a zero or a one.

Byte

8 bits is one byte.

Number of patterns/combinations

256.

Highest number you can store with one byte

255 (because we start counting at 0).

Overflow Error

Error from attempting to represent a number that is too large.

Round-off Error

Error from attempting to represent a number that is too precise. The value is rounded.

Abstraction

A representation of the original, with unwanted detail omitted.

Analog Data

Data with values that change continuously, or smoothly, over time.

Digital Data

Data that changes discretely through a finite set of possible values.

Sampling

A process for creating a digital representation of analog data by measuring the analog data at regular intervals called samples.

Lossless Compression

A process for reducing the number of bits needed to represent something without losing any information.

Lossy Compression

A process for reducing the number of bits needed to represent something in which some information is lost or thrown away.

Intellectual Property

Creations of the mind (e.g., inventions, literary and artistic works).

Creative Commons

CC licenses allow copyright holders to retain the copyright to their works while giving the public permission to use those works under certain conditions.

Open Access

Content free of any and all restrictions on access and free of many restrictions on use.

Open Source

Programs that are made freely available and may be redistributed and modified.

The Internet

Global system of interconnected networks using standardized communication protocols.

World Wide Web (www)

A collection of webpages found on the global network of computers.

Internet Protocol (IP)

A protocol for sending data across the Internet that assigns unique numbers (IP addresses) to each connected device.

IP Address

The unique number assigned to each device on the Internet.

DNS (Domain Name System)

The system responsible for translating domain names like example.com into IP addresses.

HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language)

The code used to design web pages.

HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol)

A protocol for computers to request and share the pages that make up the world wide web on the Internet.

HTTPS (Hyper Text Transmission Protocol Secure)

The way to securely send data from a web browser to a website.

TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)

TCP provides reliable, ordered, and error-checked delivery of data across the Internet.

UDP (User Datagram Protocol)

Time-sensitive applications often use UDP because dropping packets is preferable to waiting for packets delayed due to retransmission.

IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force)

The IETF develops and oversees standards such as hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP), Internet protocol (IP), and simple mail transfer protocol (SMTP).

Computing Device

A machine that can run a program, including computers, tablets, servers, routers, and smart sensors.

Computing System

A group of computing devices and programs working together for a common purpose.

Computing Network

A group of interconnected computing devices capable of sending or receiving data.

Bandwidth

The maximum amount of data that can be sent in a fixed amount of time, usually measured in bits per second.

Path

The series of connections between computing devices on a network starting with a sender and ending with a receiver.

Router

A type of computer that forwards data across a network.

Redundancy

The inclusion of extra components so that a system can continue to work even if individual components fail.

Fault Tolerant

Can continue to function even in the event of individual component failures.

Net Neutrality

The principle that all Internet traffic should be treated equally.

Digital Divide

Differing access to computing devices and the Internet, based on socioeconomic, geographic, or demographic characteristics.

Internet Censorship

The legal control or suppression of what can be accessed, published, or viewed on the Internet.

User Interface

The inputs and outputs that allow a user to interact with a piece of software.

Input

Data that is sent to a computer for processing by a program.

Output

Any data that are sent from a program to a device.

Program Statement

A command or instruction, sometimes also referred to as a code statement.

Program

A collection of program statements that run one command at a time.

Sequential Programming

Program statements run in order, from top to bottom.

Event-Driven Programming

Some program statements run when triggered by an event, like a mouse click or a key press.

Documentation

A written description of how a command or piece of code works or was developed.

Debugging

The process of finding and fixing problems in code.

Variable

Holds one value at a time.

Assignment Operator

Allows a program to change the value represented by a variable.

Expression

A combination of operators and values that evaluates to a single value.

String

A sequence of characters that can contain letters, numbers, symbols, and even spaces.

Boolean Value

True or false.

Comparison Operators

Operators that evaluate to true or false.

Logical Operators

Operators that evaluate to true or false based on logical conditions.

Conditional Statement

A statement that runs when the Boolean expression is true.

Function (Procedure)

A named group of programming instructions.

Modulus Operator

Yields the remainder when the first operand is divided by the second.

Parameter

A special kind of variable used in a function to refer to one of the pieces of data provided as input.

Logic Error

A mistake in the algorithm or program that causes it to behave incorrectly or unexpectedly.

Syntax Error

A mistake in the program where the rules of the programming language are not followed.

Run-time Error

A mistake in the program that occurs during the execution of a program.

Test cases

A set of conditions or variables used to determine if a program behaves as expected.

Hand tracing

Manually going through code line by line to find errors.

Visualizations

Graphical representations of data, such as flow charts.

Debuggers & watchers

Tools used to inspect and control the execution of a program to find errors.

Adding extra output statements

Inserting print statements in code to display values and track execution flow.

Data analysis process

The steps involved in analyzing data: Collect or choose data, Clean and/or filter, Visualize and find patterns, Generate new information.

Big data

Collect huge amounts of data so we can learn even more from it.

Open data

Publicly available data shared by governments, organizations, and others.

Citizen science

Research where some of the data collection is done by members of the public.

Parallel computing

A method of computation that splits large problems into smaller parts and processes them simultaneously.

Crowdsourcing

The practice of obtaining input or information from a large number of people via the Internet.

List

An ordered collection of elements.

Element

An individual value in a list that is assigned a unique index.

Index

A common method for referencing the elements in a list or string using numbers.

Iteration

A repetitive portion of an algorithm which repeats a specified number of times or until a given condition is met.

Infinite loop

Occurs when the ending condition will never evaluate to true.

Traversal

The process of accessing each item in a list one at a time.

Append

Add elements to the end of a list.

Data abstraction

Manage complexity in programs by giving a collection of data a name without referencing the specific details of the representation.

Simulation

Abstractions of more complex objects or phenomena for a specific purpose.

Substring

Part of an existing string.

removeItem(list, index)

Removes the element in the given list at the given index.

appendItem(list, item)

Adds an element to the end of the list.

insertItem(list, index, item)

Adds the item to the list at the given index.

for loop

Combines three parts of a while statement into one statement.

while loop

Uses a boolean condition to repeatedly run a block of code.