Endocrine Glands & Hormones / Excretory Disorders

Human Growth Hormone (HGH)

Human Growth Hormone (HGH)

hormone produced by the pituitary gland; stimulates cell reproduction and growth

thyroid gland

produces hormones that regulate metabolism, body heat, and bone growth

Thyroxine (T4)

Secreted by the thyroid gland; also called tetraiodothyronine. T4 increases metabolism in cells.

Goiter

enlargement of the thyroid gland

Calcitonin (CT)

Inhibits the breakdown of bone; causes a decrease in blood calcium concentration

parathyroid glands

small pea-like organs that regulate calcium and phosphate balance in blood, bones, and other tissues

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

regulates calcium and phosphorus metabolism

adrenal glands

a pair of endocrine glands just above the kidneys. the adrenals secrete the hormones epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline), which help to arouse the body in times of stress.

epinephrine and norepinephrine

aid body during stress by raising heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration

adrenal cortex

outer section of each adrenal gland; secretes cortisol, aldosterone, and sex hormones

Cortisol

stress hormone released by the adrenal cortex

Aldosterone

"salt-retaining hormone" which promotes the retention of Na+ by the kidneys. na+ retention promotes water retention, which promotes a higher blood volume and pressure

Insulin

A protein hormone synthesized in the pancreas that regulates blood sugar levels by facilitating the uptake of glucose into tissues

Glucagon

A protein hormone secreted by pancreatic endocrine cells that raises blood glucose levels; an antagonistic hormone to insulin.

diabetes mellitus (DM)

metabolic disorder caused by the absence or insufficient production of insulin secreted by the pancreas, resulting in hyperglycemia and glucosuria

urinary tract infection (UTI)

invasion of pathogenic organisms (commonly bacteria) in the urinary tract, especially the urethra and bladder; symptoms include dysuria, urinary frequency, and malaise

kidney stones

Solid crystalline masses formed in the kidney, resulting from an excess of insoluble salts or uric acid crystallizing in the urine; may become trapped anywhere along the urinary tract.

Bright's Disease (Nephritis)

inflammation of the glomeruli that can result in kidney failure; causes presence of proteins in urine

renal insufficiency

a state in which the kidneys cannot maintain homeostasis due to extensive destruction of their nephrons

dialysis

a procedure to remove waste products from the blood of patients whose kidneys no longer function

urinalysis

the examination of urine to determine the presence of abnormal elements

diabetes insipidus

antidiuretic hormone is not secreted adequately, or the kidney is resistant to its effect

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Hormone produced by the neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus that stimulates water reabsorption from kidney tubule cells into the blood and vasoconstriction of arterioles.