Art Appreciation: Chapter 6 & 7

Aldous Huxley

Aldous Huxley

Silence is as full potential wisdom and wit as the unhewn marble of great sculptures.

Sculpture

• an art of producing in three dimensions representations of natural or imagined forms

• includes sculpture in the round - can be viewed from any direction

incised ___, in which the lines are cut into a flat surface

relief

Sculptor

the artist who makes sculptures

Sculpture is more than a ______

painting

Sculpture is more than painting. It is greater to raise the dead to life than to create phantoms that seem to live.

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Michael Angelo

three dimensions are ____ space. That gets rid of the problem of ________ and of literal space, space in and around marks and colors - which is riddance of one of the most salient and most objectionable relics of European art.

1. real

2. illusionism

The several limits of painting are ________ present.

no longer

A _______ can be as powerful as it is thought to be. ____________ is intrinsically more powerful and specific than paint on a flat surface

1. work

2. Actual space

Sculpture is an art of hollows and projections.

Auguste Rodin

The sensitive observer of sculpture must learn to feel the shape simply as ______, not as description or reminiscence. He must, for example, perceive an egg as a simple solid shape, quite apart from its significance as food, or from the literary idea that it will become a bird. - Henry Moore 1937

shape

Forms of Sculpture

1. Relief

2. Free-Standing Sculpture

3. Kinetic Sculpture

4. Assemblage Sculpture

Relief

• a sculpture that projects in varies degrees from a two-dimensional background

• oldest forms of sculpted art

Types of relief

1. Bas-relief

2. Alto-relief

3. Sunken-relief

Bas-relief

very low degree of relief from the base, and is present in the surfaces of famous buildings such as the Parthenon in Greece

Alto-relief

has a high degree of relief; the sculptures emerge from the flat base background, such as the sculptures of ancient pharaohs on their temples in Egypt

Sunken-relief

sculptures are actually carved into the base itself and have a negative degree of relief

Example of Relief sculpture

The Martyrdom of Dr. Jose Rizal 1989

Located on the northwestern part of Rizal Park

Free-Standing Sculpture

• aka. sculpture-in-the-round

• represents the form of sculpture most recognizable to modern people

• any work of sculpture which can be viewed from any angle around the pedestal

• includes some of the most famous works of sculpture throughout time

________ and ____________

sculptures are still being used to glorify the achievements and legacies of important historical figures

Example of Free-standing sculpture

• David 1504 - MichaelAngelo

• GALLERIA DELL'ACCADEMIA, FLORENCE

Kinetic Sculpture

free-standing sculpture that moves, either by mechanical power or under the power of wind or water

_______ are form of kinetic sculpture, although in that special case the sculpture is not powered by the water but lives within the shapes and forms of the water as it arcs over and through the air.

Fountain

Example of Kinetic Sculpture

Bicycle Wheel 1913 (Marcel Duchamp)

Assemblage Sculpture

• sculpture pieced together from found or scavenged items that have little or no relationship to one another

• defined as "non-traditional sculpture, made from re-combining found objects. Some of these objects are junk from the streets."

• arranged in an aesthetically pleasing shape to the artist and then presented to its audiences to provoke thought and reaction

_________ are a sort of two-dimensional representation of assemblage sculpture

Collages

Example of Assemblage Sculpture

Monogram 1959 Robert Rauschenberg

Techniques / Mediums of Sculpture

1. Clay

2. Steel

3. Stone

4. Wax

5. Glass

6. Ice

7. Wood

8. Recycled Material

9. Food

It is a wide branch of art encompassing many different kinds of three-dimensional work

Sculpture

Clay

• versatile medium in sculpting

• can be the medium to build a finished product, or to make melds for other media

• include small objects that need to be fired in a kiln.

Example of Clay Sculpture

Hades and Antigone 2003

Steel

• welded together can create large or small sculptures

• artistic candle holders and table top displays

Example of Steel Sculpture

Stainless Steel Sculpture by Laser Light

Stone

People have carved stone for centuries to create sculptures

Example of Stone Sculpture

Wax

• features realistic models of famous people created from wax

• Beeswax can be carved with the same tools as clay or wood

Example of Wax Sculpture

Anna of Tyrol 1618 Allesandro Abondio

Glass

• Artists can blow heated glass to create sculptures

• Broken shards of glass can also be fused to build sculptures, with or without the addition of other sculpture media

Example of Glass Sculpture

Mandara by Lino Tagliapietra 2005

Ice

• Ice carvings can be elaborate pieces of functional art as seen in the ice hotels of Sweden or Quebec

• Smaller blocks of ice also become decorative center piece sculptures for weddings or other events

Example of Ice Sculpture

Big Ben by Percy Salazar

Wood

• carve wood into sculptures

• carve exclusively with a chain saw to create elaborate wooden sculptures while others use more precise tools to carve and shape the wood

• serves as a base for other sculpted material

Recycled Material

• can create assemblage art from discarded materials

• automobile parts, broken clocks, household items and tools to build sculptures of all sizes.

Example of Recycled Material Sculpture

Broken Family by Anthony Haywood

Food

• Chocolate sculptures are temporary pieces of art that can serve as centrepieces for special events

• Food sculptor Jim Victor has used butter, pepperoni, peanut brittle and cheese to create statues

Guillermo Tolentino

Bonifacio Monument

Guillermo Estrella (24 July 1890 – 1976)

• Filipino sculptor who was named National Artist for the Visual Arts in 1973.

• Father of Philippine Arts

• sculpted the University of the Philippines' Most Recognizable Emblem, the UP Oblation, as well as the Bonifacio Monument in Caloocan City.

• product of revival period in Philippine Art

• Fredesvinda

Napoleon Isabelo Veloso-Abueva (born January 26, 1930)

• Filipino artist, native of Bohol

• Youngest National Artist awardee

• Father of Modern Philippine Sculpture

• first and only Boholano given the distinction as National Artist of the Philippines in the field of Visual Arts

Rey Paz Contreras

• August 31, 1950

• outstanding Filipino sculptor working with urban refuse and ecological materials as artistic media

• encouraged by the native Filipino traditions

• creates visual forms of current images that discover a distinct Filipino aesthetics

• The Trees

Solomon Saprid

• Sculpture requires total involvement. It does not only satisfy the visual search, but one has to feel tactually the dimensions one creates.

• Amihan (1980) Medium: Brass

Gothic Period (Sculpture)

evolved from the early stiff and elongated style, still partly Romanesque, into a spatial and naturalistic feel in the late 12th and early 13th century

Earliest Gothic Sculptures

at the Western (Royal) Portal at Chartres Cathedral(c. 1145)

England

sculpture was more confined to tombs and non-figurine decorations

Italy

there was still a Classical influence, but Gothic made inroads in the sculptures of pulpits such as the Pisa Baptistery pulpit (1260) and the Siena pulpit (1268)

Renaissance Period

transition from Gothic to Renaissance in Italy was signaled by a trend toward naturalism with a nod to classical sculpture

most important sculptors in the classical revival

Donatello

The greatest achievement of what art historians refer to as his classic period is the bronze statue entitled? *currently located at the Bargello in Florence.

David

David

• was the first free-standing nude statue since ancient times

• considered to be the first major work of Renaissance sculpture

Michelangelo Buonarroti

• Regarded as the greatest artist of the middle ages during Renaissance.

• He sculptured many statues.

• His statue of David in Florence is considered the greatest contribution to the world of fine arts, carved in marble

• He carved a niche for himself sculpturing, which brought him name and fame from all over the world.

_____ became a world renowned center for art

Florence

Baroque Period

• groups of figures assumed new importance, and there was a dynamic movement and energy of human forms— they spiraled around an empty central vortex, or reached outwards into the surrounding space

• often had multiple ideal viewing angles

• added extra-sculptural elements

Gian Lorenzo Bernini

• most important sculptor of the Baroque period

• his works were inspired by the Hellenistic sculptures of Ancient Greece and Imperial Rome

• famous works - The Ecstasy of St. Theresa (1647-1652)

Neo-Classical Period

one of the great ages of public sculpture, though its "classical" prototypes were more likely to be Roman copies of Hellenistic sculptures.

Most familiar representatives of Neo-Classical Period

• Italian Antonio Canova

• The Englishman John Flaxman

• The Dane Bertel Thorvaldsen

The European neoclassical manner also took hold in the United States, where its pinnacle occurred somewhat later and is exemplified in the sculptures of _________

Hiram Powers

Modernist sculpture movements

• Cubism

• Geometric Abstraction

• De Stijl

• Suprematism

• Constructivism

• Dadaism

• Surrealism

• Futurism

• Formalism Abstract expressionism

• Pop-Art

• Minimalism

• Land art

• Installation art

Pablo Picasso

• revolutionized the art of sculpture when he began creating his constructions fashioned by combining disparate objects and materials into one constructed piece of sculpture

• reinvented the art of sculpture with his innovative use of constructing a work in three dimensions with disparate material

The advent of Surrealism led to things occasionally being described as "__________" that would not have been so previously, such as "involuntary sculpture" in several senses, including coulage.

sculpture

Pablo Picasso later years

became a prolific ceramicist and potter, revolutionizing the way Ceramic art is perceived

Earliest painted images discovered

• Caves Lascaux

• Chauvet Caves

• Alta Mira, Spain

When was these paintings executed and what are the main subjects?

• 15,000 years ago

• bulls, horses, and deer on the ceilings and walls of these caves.

first historical culture of the Western world to produce an important body of painting. 3,000 years ago

Egypt

Painting

• a process of applying pigment on a flat surface

• branch of visual art in which pigments are applied to a surface to create an image with lines and colors.

Pigment

binders

thinners

Flat surface

• paper

• wood/panel

• cloth/fabric/canvas

• collage

Painting Primary Medium

• watercolor

• gouache stained glass

• encaustic-beeswax

• tapestry

• tempera

• bistre

• acrylic

• oil

• charcoal

• fresco

• pastel/crayon

• mosaic

• tapestry

Painting Secondary Medium

• burin

• pencil

• ink

• paintbrush

• palette

• sculpture

Encaustic

• classic medium used by the Egyptian in painting the portrait on mummy cases.

• done with wax color and fixed with heat

• produces luster and radiance in the subject

Acrylic

used popularly by contemporary painters because of its transparency and quick drying characteristics

Oil

• most expensive medium in painting

• most flexible medium

• artist may use brush, pallet knife or even his bare hands when applying paint in the canvas

• discovered by Flemish painter John Van Eyck in the 15th century

Bistre

brown pigment made by mixing the sooth burning wood with a little binder

Charcoal

oldest mediums for drawing made by roasting wood in a closed vessel

Water Color

• medium in painting that dries quickly

• can be worked only by a painter with a firm decision, a steady hand and a rapid method

• best for landscape subjects

• difficult to handle because it is difficult to produce warm and rich tones

Gouache

opaque water color.

Fresco

• exacting medium

• medium of broad bold direct work

• best vehicle (medium) used for mural-size works

• almost impossible to move a fresco painting since it is permanently fixed to the wall and it is subject to ant disaster to the building

Tempera

• intricate elaborate process

• colors are mixed with the yolk with plaster called gesso

• colors are applied over the plaster

• one of the favorite mediums of many painters before the oil medium was adopted

• usually done in the wooden panel

Pastel / Crayon

• stick of dried paste made of pigment ground with chalk and compounded with gum water

• colors are luminous, and it is very flexible mediums

• never won a prize because it is difficult to preserve its finished product in its original freshness

Mosaic

medium that is made of picture or decoration made of small pieces of inlaid colored stones or glass called tesserae which most often fixed with plaster or cement

Stained Glass

• common in Gothic Cathedral Churches

• made of small pieces of colored glass which are held by bonds of lead

• aka Patchwork

Tapestry

large fabrics in which design is woven by hand

Burin

steel cutting tool which is the essential tool of engraving

Pencil

one of the most common drawing mediums because of its general utility, especially for making rapid notes

Ink

makes a clear, crisp often sketchy and spontaneous line, ink is frequently combined with a wash

Paintbrush

• used to apply ink or paint

• made by clamping the bristles to handle with a ferrule

Palette

rigid, flat surface on which a painter arranges and mixes paint paints

Sculpture

• Latin term “sculpere” which means “to carve”.

• branch of visual arts that is concerned with the creation of expressive representation in three dimensions

• art of producing statues, memorials and ornaments

Function of Sculpture

• serves as commemoration of the lives of important people

• records, documents events and happenings

• serves instructional purposes –Medieval and Renaissance Churches

• sed as objects for religious gatherings

Types of Sculpture

• Free-Standing Sculpture

• Relief Sculpture

Free-Standing Sculpture

• Sculpture on the round

• can be seen from more than one position

Relief Sculpture

placed and seen from a flat background