American History Exam 3

Chapter 28

Harry S. Trumen

• became president of the us 80 years ago April 12^th 1985 

• Because franklin Roosevelt died of a stroke or heart attack 

• Aircraft carrier named after him 

• Was the only American president that served in combat in WW1 

• Only president and last president in the 20^th century that didn’t go to college  

• Eye sight too bad to join the military and couldn’t pay for college  

• Business didn't go well so went into politics, became a senator  

• Roosevelt had 3 different vp, some other guy, Wallace (too left wing), then Truman (much more moderate) 

• Essentially chose a vp that would be president (knew he did have long) 3 months then Truman president  

• Germans surrounded 1 week later, also was there then atomic bombs were tested, Truman had to make the decision to drop the bomb and did. 

• Only the president can choose to drop an atomic bomb 

• 1948 ran for reelection and does so 

• Introduced the fair deal 

• Democratic divided 3 ways 

• So republicans and democrats were upset 

• Republican though too progressive, made the dickixycrates  

• Left though wasnt progressive enough 

• Trueman not sure to win so desegregated the army, executive order to help with voters 

• This worked because he barely won  

• Thought that Dewy would win  

Baby Boom

• WW2 officially ends, 9 months later people start to notice a major spike in the birthrates. The baby boom biggest birthrate increases in American history 

• Sudden increase in the population of the young, growth in schools and colleges (Fullerton created to accommodate) 

• First television generation 

Blacklist

blacklisting people in the entertainment industry cause of communism

Cold War

•  

• Not immediately apparent 

• Folton Missouri, President Truman, invited Churchill with president to a collage 

• Gave a speech, the iron curtain speech 

• The communist control vs noncommunist 

• Behind the iron curtain, in the communist country 

• Seen in retrospect as the beginning of cold war 

• The borders of where the armies met when the war ended 

• Meeting took place in yalt, the people in those countries would have elections to decide what will happen in their countries, but these elections never took place, the Russians lied  

• Just set up communist government, supported by the continued presence of Russian military, what Churchill was alerting the world to in his speech 

• 1945-1949 US was only country with nuclear weapons, until the Russian started making nuclear weapons 

• So US joins forces with Canada and not western countries and created NATO (North Atlantic) 

• NATO: made to stop the creation of WW3 

• Join Voluntary  

• “collective security” exists as a response to military aggression  

• An attack against any member of NATO is an attack against all members 

• Will expand after the cold war ended 

• So Russians created the Warsaw Pact 

• Membership not voluntary 

• no longer exists and all members in it joined NATO after 

• missiles (guided rocket with a nuclear weapon on it) 

• Programmable computers 

• Hydrogen bombs, thousands of times more powerful then atomic bombs but Russians aren’t far behind 

Containment

• idea during the cold war to deal with communism  

• Doctrine of containment 

• We aren’t going to contain, but try to stop the spread of communism 

• Based on the fundament assumption that communism will not work and collapse in on itself, and that's what happened, but at the time they didn’t know 

• Fear was it would get out of control and a nuclear war would kill us all 

• How do you apply this? 

Fair Deal

• harry trumen's domestic policy's  

• 1946 republicans get power in congress once again 

GI Bill

• policy introduced in 1946, to prevent the country from backsliding into the depression.  

• Gov. Provided funding for tuition to go to school, delay entering into the work force 

• A more educated work force  

• Drastic increase in the size of college pop. In late 1940s 

• Professors said best students they had in their life 

• Are in their 20s, more mature  

• Very successful program 

• People are going to make a bigger economic contribution, equals more taxes cause higher pay. So it pays for itself  

• Financial assistance to vets. To go to college  

Iron Curtain

• The communist control vs non communist countries. 

LEAVITTOWN

• all these people now need housing, family housing  

• Idea of Levittown from a couple of brothers 

• Bough farmland outside New York city  

• Idea was to develop it into house (not completely original idea, oil country making shotgun housing) 

• Mixed it up a bit, 3 different floor towns, not just do grids, no basement (up until then most houses had a basement) 

• Cheap housing  

• This became the model for housing ever since, track housing  

• Mass transportation made it possible 

• Trolleys to go in and out of the city, development of a suburbia  

• Start building similar developments all over the country 

• Bulk (single largest segment) of pop. Is moving into suburbia 

• California primarily develops during this time  

• In California at the time, created a master plan for education and transportation 

• One for higher education 

• No matter where you live in the start your would have a college nearby 

• Then the freeway system is planed out during the war 

• Planning for a state where everyone has automobiles  

• Pasadena freeway is the first 

• No shoulder so if car breaks down you and everyone is fucked 

• Almost no/very short on ramp 

• Freeway divider used to be a 3 foot high chain link fence 

• Suburbia is the new normal 

Brown v. Board of Education

• 1956s Eisenhower was president, segregation approved by the supreme court  

• Challenge laws on racial segregation 

• Facilites at schools were separate but not equal, white schools got all the money 

• Developing a sense of inferiority 

• These cases would get grouped together with Brown, supreme court 1954, all white judges  

• Earl warren was chief justice of court 

• Vote unanimously that segregation in public schools was unconstitutional 

• Leads to the end of racial segregation  

• This would take about 20 years 

• Governer of Arkansas was trying to go against the supreme court ruling 

• So the president met with governor and lied to the president, meeting did not go well 

• So he sent us army at the high school to desegregate the school 

• Beginning of the desegregation of public schools 

Little Rock 9

9 black students who were the first to be enrolled into white hs 

Marshall Plan

• the whole continent of Europe is a mess after the war, a lot of bombs, farms destroyed 

• People are more inclined to listen to extremist when you have nothing 

• So the plan was in countries that aren’t communist affected by the war 

• Was to reinvent the land lease, but instead of giving weapon, give them raw materials to rebuild for free 

• Tractors instead of tanks 

• By assisting these countries economically there's enough stability that they won’t vote for communists 

• Part of the containment plan 

Sputnik

• first satellite in space, size of a basketball that goes beep beep in space 

• Begins the space race  

• Development of military tech 

• Funding the comms tech 

• To make weapon systems 

Korean War

• where the cold war starts to get hot  

• Korea borders on Russia and had been colonized by the Japanese for 35 years is under Japanese occupation  

• Until Japan is defeated leaving it no longer occupied  

• A line is draw across the Korean peninsula the 38 parallel 

• Russians would come in on one side Americans the other to get remaining Japanize government 

• Russians do more then this and establish communist government  

• Communist north 

• Japan is occupied by the US 

• 1950 North Koreans invaded to unify Korea under communism  

• US was like, that's a violation of containment 

• So US send troops back to stop this  

• Back and 4th for 3 years and then cease fire across the line  

• Korea and Japan divided against communism  

• Former communist portion of Germany is still the poorest part of Germany 

• US can still call it a win, they did contain communism  

• First place where American troops were sent into combat after WW2 

United Nations

• US is also still apart of this  

• The league of nations pt.2  

• So during WW2 US and allies created a new version  

• The United Nations and put together a charter/constitution 

• July of 1945 

• To be a charter member of the UN is that you had to have been an ally of the allied powers  

• Overtime the size grows 

• Almost every country in the world is part of the UN 

• 1 country 1 vote no matter how big or small in general assembly 

• Security council  

• 15 countries in the security council 

• The enforcement mechanism  

• The security council alone has the ability to authorize military force 

• 10 of the 15 seats change and are in rotation / floating 10 

• But there are 5 permanent members 

• United States 

• Russia  

• China Britain 

• France  

• Why those 5, the ig 5 countries that won WW2 

• Each one of those 5 have a veto power 

• You need at least 8 votes for something to pass 

• If one of the descending votes is from 1 of the 5 even if everyone else voted, they get veto’d 

• US puts up most of the budget  

Dwight D. Eisenhower

• After Truman, ran on the republican ticket 

• 6 months is office negotiated a cease-fire for the Korean war 

• Was the oldest person to be president up till that time 

• VP was Nixon  

• Lost to Kennedy  

• 8 years 

• Summit meetings: they didn’t have jets for the public  

• Russian meeting with president 

• Wanted to go to Disneyland  

• Walt Disney was all in favor, but security said no 

• He was upset about this so relation further diminished 

Chapter 29

John F. Kennedy

• youngest elected  president (43) 

• Supporter of the civil right movement 

• But got nothing really passed through 

• Since poor people couldn’t vote (poll tax) 

• More incidents that lessened relations with Russia 

• Bay of pigs (trying to stop Castro) 

• 1961, berlin wall 

• Shoot to kill anyone trying to go over the wall 

• Looked like things were going better for communism then USA 

• Cuban missile crisis: Russia building a missile weapons site  

• 13 day blockade (closest the cold war got to real war) 

• And agreement was made 

Lyndon B. Johnson

• VP for Kennedy, then ran in his own right so total of 5 years 

• Got a civil rights act passed but it had no power 

• A horrible human being, an adultery  

• But was a great legislator  

• And supported civil rights  

• And as president passed the most influence civil rights act 

• Got rid of separate but equal 

• Slip demarcates in the south  

• Made the south viable for republican party  

• Then passed the voting rights act 

• By 1964 freest voting  

• Most important president in civil rights history since Lincoln 

• But also Vietnam war 

• Voting rights act of 1965  

Martin Luther King, Jr

• first rose to prominence during Montgomery bus boycotts 

• All started by chance  

• Originally made to boycott the bus  

• Was a church paster at the time 

• There was also many other people involved, 10 of millions of people 

• Actually endorsed Eisenhower 

Betty Friedan

• one of the founders of the modern feminist movement NOW 

• Wrote the feminine mystique  

• At the time women were supposed to be the homemaker  

• During 1950s collage rate for women went down (women had to become a housewife) 

• Called being a housewife a “comfort concentration camp” 

• So real women’s sports 

• Boston marathon didn't allow women 

• Women should have the same opportunities as men 

NOW

• National organization of women 

• Civil Rights Act of 1964: And as president passed the most influence civil rights act 

• Got rid of separate but equal 

Birth control pill (not on test)

• 965, never made the man who created it a tenured professor at Harvard  

• Contraceptives were not  widely available 

• Couldn’t show pregnant ladies on tv or couples in the same bed 

• Beginning of a transformation for women and modern women's rights movement  

Cesar Chavez

• smoked cigarettes  

• Born in Arizona but grow up in cali 

• When Wagner act pasted (assistance to unions) but didn't apply to farm workers, especially black and migrant worker 

• They don't have the power to organize/get legal power for migrant workers 

• So they try boycott grapes  

• Then negotiated  

• Ultimately successful 

• 1960s 

MALCOM X

• was assassinated in 1965 

• Part of the civil right movement in the early 1960s 

• Not great early life, Inner-city poverty, spent time in prison 

• Converted to Islam, dropped last name because of his loss of heritage  

• But a specific type of Islam, Muslim church for black Americans 

• Reverse racism 

• Didn't engage in violet protesting but inflammatory words 

• Malcolm X was the more violet side/and MLK was following Ghandi antiviolence and moderate  

• Both were outstanding speakers 

• Both ended up being assassinated  

• Malcolm was killed by the Nation of Islam, when Malcolm x realized  that the leader wasn’t that good of a person 

• Then the auto biography of Malcolm X 

• It was a series of interviews that became the manuscript of the book 

Twenty-fourth Amendment

• Abolition of poll taxes  

• Makes it illegal to put a tax on voting  

• Worked to make it so poor people couldn't vote at all 

Voting Rights Act of 1965

The Voting Rights Act of 1965 is a landmark piece of federal legislation in the United States that prohibits racial discrimination in voting

Great Society

• Lyndon B Johnson (very crude) would make his aids watch him poop 

• Declared a war on poverty, a series of acts in congress 

• This was the great society 

• Worshipped FDR, wanted people to call him LBJ 

• Named his daughter so have LBJ initials  

• And ranch....and dog 

• Made Medicare program  

• Food stamps (EBT cards) 

• Didn't have the same level of support as the new deal 

• Thats his domestic legacy 

• But was started the vitamin war  

Twenty-fifth Amendment

• presidential disability and succession 

• The assassination of president Kennedy simulated the process of this 

• Never written in the constitution what would happen if a president died in office 

• The Tyler president, that the vp would become president and serve the remaining balance  

• But the office of vice president become vacant, but why is it a concern? Nuclear missile 

• But president and pro tem were also both really old so they were worried  

• And came up with the 25 amendment  

• Both senate and house need to approve next vp  

• If the president is seriously ill or unconscious, gives vp a temporary power  

Chapter 30

Richard M. Nixon

• went to Fullerton hs then whitter and then went to duke 

• Was a lawyer and then the navy during WW2 

• Ran for congress and gets elected in the house, stayed for 4 years 

• Then the senate and then vice president  

• Ran 3 times and gets elected the 3^rd time 

• Created the environment protection agency 

Gerald R. Ford

• the next president after Nixon 

• Served on the warren commission  

• Ran for election in his own right after and lost 

• Extremely close election  

Jimmy Carter

• died at the age of 100 

• Father was a peanut farmer, he went to the naval academy 

• Was the governor for a bit 

• Then ran for gov. 

• Started a change in the south of democrats  

• 1976 presidential election the first election after watergate 

• The people were tired with Washington  

• So he was an outsider 

• Was straight edge, no drugs, no drinking, was a Sunday school teacher  

• The last time that most of the states in the south voted for a democrat 

• Only served 1 term 

• Biggest failures were all in foreign policy  

• Panama canal treaty, would transfer the ownership and operation of the canal to the Panamanian gov.  

• Needed 2/3rds majority vote and he was able to get that  

• Camp David accords: a treaty between the president of Egypt and prime minister Israel  

Vietnam War

• French Indo China  

• Then independence movement and Vietnamese communist party 

• Ho Chi Minh 

• WW2 Japan tried to make Vietnam into a colony so teamed up with USA 

• But the communist arent the only ones that wanted freedom 

• So after war French tried to recolonize Vietnam, but failed 

• 1950 USA no longer works with communists 

• So there's different factions, like US who wanted no more communism, French colonized etc. 

• So decide to partition the Vietnam only supposed to be temporary, not the case 

• Was supposed to be elections but they didn't want to lose what they had so north vs south 

• So Kennedy started to send in combat soldiers 

• But the situation in Vietnam got transformed  

• Tonkin golf resolution 

• From the Tonkin gulf incident  

• Authorized a full scale war on Vietnam  

• Lindon started rallying up troops  

• Tet offensive: unsuccessful  

• After 3 year citizens realized they were no where near winning the war, public opinion started to shift 

• The draft was still going on  

• So lots of protest and unrest 

• But president did not know what to do 

• So Nixon wins the election and war goes on for 4 more years  

• And Nixon won again 49 out of the states 

• And negotiated a cease fire, the boarders would remain the same  

• But the war continues for 2 more years without US 

• All of Vietnam is taken over my communism  

• Refugees need housing so they took them to camp Pendelton to live there for a bit and to be processed 

• Little Saigon, most Vietnamese pop in cali other then Vietnam  

WOODSTOCK

• 1969, high tide of the counter culture movement 

• Big concert  

Hippies

• anyone could be a hippie and just embrace the culture 

• Smoke weed, flower power beards  

• The baby boom generation 

• The Hate Ashberry district 

• Free love: euphemism for rape, especially with all the drugs  

• But there was a dark underside  

• Reality then set in and had trouble understanding other generations 

• You can only break something down once 

• They didn’t go back to the draft 

• People are going to school longer and don’t have time to protest and riot 

Watergate

• Nixon running for election, burglars caught trying to break into the democratic party’s office unsuccessfully 

• Nixon apparently didn’t know about so he tried to obstruct justice on it  

• But then Nixon had tape installed and congress tried to get the tapes 

• Nixon says no  

• So Executive and legislative branch are involved  

• Get tapes and Nixon tells the chief of staff to cover it all up 

• Took over 2 year  

Détente

• Nixon thought to reduce tensions between the 2 more powerful communist countries  

• China and Russia 

• Negated the salt treaty, put a limit on how many nuclear weapons they had  

• Tried to build some kind of bonds of trust 

• A de-escalation in tension 

• So eventually leads to the end of the war 

Pentagon Papers

• When Nixon was president the NYTs was releasing documents about the Vietnam war 

• So the department of defense/security sued and supreme court got involved and agreed with the NYTs cause the gov was lying to the people about the situation there 

Camp David Accords

• negotiations for treaty between Egypt and Iseral  

• Negotiations were successful, Egypt became the first Arab county to recognize Israel  

• Egypt didn't really want the Gaza strip 

• President jimmy carter 

Iranian Hostage Crisis

• when the shah went to the US, the Iranian government were so upset that they raided the embassy and held the US citizens hostage  

• Carter tries to end this peacefully  

• The crisis lasted 444 days, the same amount of days as Carter had left in office  

• Also leads to raise in gases prices and inflation was still a problem 

• Cater used his final day in congress to negotiate 

• They let the hostages go and the US would give them access to their money  

• Happen on inaugurationday  

Stonewall Riot

• 1916 no cable or internet  

• Abc, cbs, and local news broadcast 

• Only in retrospect do people see the effect og the stonewall riots 

• Stonewall inn was a gay night club 

• And homosexual activity was not talked about unless homosexual predator behavior  

• Was a bad and those people were ill 

• The police would often raid these clubs and stonewall gets raided 

• And in this case the patrons resist and riot  

• The beginning of a movement 

• As tv start to talk about gays in a no so harmful light but still not very talked about it  

Chapter 31

Ronald Reagan

• elected president 1980 and reelected 

• Was a film actors and before was the president of SAG 

• After he was sworn in a supreme court justice retired, first women elected 

• Cold war was still going on  

• Leader of the soviet union at the time was Brezhnev (who was already terminally ill with cancer) 

• So success died, and then the next guy was also terminally ill 

• Gorbachev is next up during Regan’s second term and they come to an agreement on an arms limitation treaty 

Sandra Day O’Connor

• first women supreme court justice 

• Served more then  

George H.W. Bush

• his son also ran for president and won 

• VP to Regan and won presidency  

• First sitting vp in 100 years to run and win the presidency  

• Youngest pilot in the US navy during WW2 

• Went into the oil industry, elected to the house, then severed for 2 administrations 

• The end of the cold war 

• All unfolded in about 2 years 

• By the end of the 1980s communist was failing  

• Gorbachev was a communist and his economy was failing so signed the START 

• And bring back their military force 

• So countries that don't want to be communist starting in Hungry so they demilitarized  

• People living in communist east Germany started traveling throughout the other communist countries to escape 

• Then the Berlin wall went down/demilitarized and could go to west Germany  

• Then the first east Germany election and merged back with west Germany, reunified after 45 year, no ones getting killed and other countries are starting to follow, communism voted out of power  

• Romania is the only expectation, their dictator did not want to give up 

• So he was giving a speech on day so everyone was booing, they tried to flee 

• So blown revolution 

• Put on trial on Christmas day and on live tv were sentenced as guilty and were shot 

• 1991 they allowed elections, Boris Yeltsin was elected and won, president of Russia (not the leader equivalent of gover.) 

• Then attempted koo by communists Gorbachev was on vacation and placed him on house arrest want to put everyone on Marshel law 

• So the Russian people went out into the streets Boris Yeltsin on a tank with the Russian flag 

• Military chose to side with the people, the coo failed the beginning of the end of the soviet union 

• All 15 countries came together and votes to dissolve the union 

Bill Clinton

• William Jefferson Clinton is an American politician and lawyer who was the 42nd president of the United States from 1993 to 2001. A member of the Democratic Party, he previously served as the attorney general of Arkansas from 1977 to 1979 and as the governor of Arkansas from 1979 to 1981, and again from 1983 to 1992

• won re election

• Many of his second term accomplishments were overshadowed by the Clinton–Lewinsky scandal, when it was revealed in early 1998 that he had been engaging in an eighteen-month-long sexual relationship with White House intern Monica Lewinsky.[

• got impeached

• but not kick out of office

HIV/AIDS

• the AIDS epidemic  

• First started to appear in the 70s and got worse in the 80s, used to be incurable and 100% fatal 

• Gay men were the first widely affected so people though that only gay people could get 

• It was also still a time that people didn’t talk openly about gayy people 

• Some people thought ADS was god’s punishment 

• But then some actually famous people died of AIDS, forcing the issue out into the open 

• Koop (surgeon general), was a lot of mass hysteria at the time  

• So Koop treated the disease like any other and started to talk about it in dispassionate way 

• So said the surest way not to get AIDS was to not have sex ever, blood transfusion, and used needles 

• So told people just to use a condom  

• Then magic Johnson got aids  

• So it ended up making the US more tolerant of gay people 

Operation Desert Storm

• at the same time as the end of the cold war 

• For a moment it looked like the world was coming to its senses 

• The nation of Iraq attacked another nation that was in NATO 

• Bush bringing together a coalition of countries to try and stop the war 

• The UN authorized this military authorization  

• Begins in really 1991, only took a month and a half  

• Airiel bombing   

• Stopped once they liberated Quiwake  

START

• Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty  

• Between US and Russia  

Americans with Disabilities Act

• Passed under first president Bush 

• Requires that in any new construction of public facilities it has to be handicap accessible  

• CSUF before the act was ranked the most accessible campus in the US 

• The campus was flat  

• And the buildings already had elevators

Apple computers

• computer originally used to break codes  

• Used to take up a whole room 

• Then transiter was made then microprocessors, by the 1970s you could buy your own computer  

• So apple comes along and introduces the first mass produces successful at home computer  

• Apple computer named the machine of the year 

• 1990 the internet as we know it comes into existence  

• 1980s apple led the way for the operating systems of today 

Chapter 32

George W. Bush

• year 2000s, son of other bush, after Clinton 

• Election night happens but nobody knows who won because its that close  

• Florida vote so close they couldn’t determine the vote election night and even a few days later 

• So supreme court told them they were taking to long to count and told them to stop counting 

• Jan. 2001 became president then 9/11 

• Reputation collapses during second term 

Barack Obama

• first non white man elected the president of the united states  

• Senator from Illinois  

• Gets reelected  

• Continued bush era polices in Iraq and Afghanistan 

• Was given the noble peace prize in November  

• Oosma bin Ladin eliminated during his presidency  

• US realized he was in Pakistan, so they go after him, live streaming when the special forces unit killed him 

• Easily reelected 

Donald Trump

• beats Hillary because got more electoral votes  

• 2024 election won 

• Impeached during first term twice 

• Losses the 2020 election, then jan.6^th stormed the capital 

• So he gets impeach again  

• First president to impeached after their out of office  

Joseph Biden

• was Obama’s vp 

• Joe beats trump in 2020 election  

• Most over in the US ever  

SEPTEMBER 11 ATTACKS

• 4 airplanes where hijacked from NY city (2 of them_ 

• The other from Boston, were all supposed to go to the west coast 

• 2 of the planes directed at the world trade center 1 into each tower 

• 1 into the pentagon 

• The 4^th crashed into an undeveloped area, most likely headed to a building into DC 

• Everyone on all 4 of the planes were killed  

• Doesn't hit the top of the building, but top quarter  

• So the jet fuel ignites hot enough to melt steel and concrete 

• So top part falls into the bottom, supports are melted and each floor just crashes into the floor bellow  

• Almost 3,000 killed  

• Almost the same amount as the attack on pearl harbor  

• Worst attack on American soil since pearl harbor  

• Everyone channel stopped expect news channels for the next several days, amusement parks shut down, every plane canceled  

• Bush administration got permission to send troops to Afghanistan 

• 20 years long 

War on Terror

• not just the groups of people that caused 9/11 

• Wanted to take care of Osama bin laden  

• And attack on Iraq Leader was in support in terrorism, he was also easier taken out of power 

• Never actually withdrew from Iraq  

• Invasion of Afghanistan wasn’t very controversial but they didn’t take the guy 

Al-Qaeda

• responsible for 9/11 operated primary in Afghanistan, Osama Bin Ladin 

WMDs

• Agreements for Bush administration that they were using WMDs 

• Weapons of mass destruction 

• They didn’t find any in Iraq 

• But Sadam Usan did use chemical weapons in the past 

Great Recession

• Late 2008 

• Not great for the part in power 

Obamacare

• affordable healthcare act 

• Provide people who can’t get healthcare with healthcare 

Abraham Accords

• Trump 1^st term, in the middle east to establish diplomatic relations with countries in Israel  

Kamala Harris

• first women vp in the untied states  

• Second women to be nominated to be a. major party candidate