Civil Rights EK 3

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Termination Policy - WHO

U.S. federal government, Bureau of Indian Affairs.

Termination Policy - WHAT

Policy ending federal recognition of tribes and withdrawing support for reservations, aiming to assimilate Native Americans into mainstream society.

Termination Policy - WHEN

1953–1960s.

Termination Policy - WHERE

United States, especially California, Wisconsin, Minnesota.

Termination Policy - SIGNIFICANCE

Resulted in loss of tribal lands, increased poverty, and displacement; fueled activism that led to later reforms, including the Indian Self-Determination Act of 1975.

Occupation of Alcatraz - WHO

Native American activists, primarily Indians of All Tribes (IAT).

Occupation of Alcatraz - WHAT

Protest occupation of abandoned Alcatraz Island demanding recognition of treaties (Fort Laramie Treaty) and control over unused federal land.

Occupation of Alcatraz - WHEN

1969–1971.

Occupation of Alcatraz - WHERE

Alcatraz Island, San Francisco Bay, California.

Occupation of Alcatraz - SIGNIFICANCE

Gained national media attention, inspired Native activism, and influenced federal policy toward Native self-determination.

American Indian Movement (AIM) - WHO

Founded by Dennis Banks, Clyde Bellecourt, Russell Means, and other Native activists.

American Indian Movement (AIM) - WHAT

Advocacy group addressing police brutality, treaty rights, and sovereignty for Native Americans.

American Indian Movement (AIM) - WHEN

1968.

American Indian Movement (AIM) - WHERE

Minneapolis, Minnesota; spread nationally.

American Indian Movement (AIM) - SIGNIFICANCE

Led high-profile protests (e.g., Wounded Knee 1973), raised awareness of Native issues, and contributed to legislative reforms protecting Native rights.

Wounded Knee - WHO

AIM activists vs. U.S. federal authorities.

Wounded Knee - WHAT

71-day armed standoff protesting corruption in the Pine Ridge tribal government and treaty violations.

Wounded Knee - WHEN

February–May 1973.

Wounded Knee - WHERE

Wounded Knee, South Dakota, Pine Ridge Reservation.

Wounded Knee - SIGNIFICANCE

Highlighted systemic neglect and treaty violations; strengthened Native activism and drew national attention to the Red Power movement.

American Indian Civil Rights Act - WHO

U.S. Congress and federally recognized tribes.

American Indian Civil Rights Act - WHAT

Law granting Native Americans many Bill of Rights protections within tribal jurisdictions.

American Indian Civil Rights Act - WHEN

1968.

American Indian Civil Rights Act - WHERE

United States.

American Indian Civil Rights Act - SIGNIFICANCE

Balanced tribal sovereignty with individual rights; addressed discrimination on reservations and set precedent for further civil rights legislation.

American Indian Religious Freedom Act - WHO

U.S. Congress and Native religious leaders.

American Indian Religious Freedom Act - WHAT

Legislation protecting Native religious practices, ceremonies, access to sacred sites, and use of sacred objects.

American Indian Religious Freedom Act - WHEN

1978.

American Indian Religious Freedom Act - WHERE

United States.

American Indian Religious Freedom Act - SIGNIFICANCE

Reversed decades of suppression; allowed tribes to practice traditions legally and preserved cultural heritage.

Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) - WHO

College students, including Tom Hayden and Alan Haber.

Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) - WHAT

Student activist organization advocating civil rights, participatory democracy, and opposition to the Vietnam War.

Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) - WHEN

Founded 1960, prominent 1960s.

Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) - WHERE

College campuses nationwide, U.S.

Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) - SIGNIFICANCE

Central to the New Left; organized protests and sit-ins; influenced antiwar movements and student political activism.

504 Sit-In - WHO

Disability rights activists, led by Judith Heumann.

504 Sit-In - WHAT

Protest demanding implementation of Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act, prohibiting discrimination against people with disabilities in federally funded programs.

504 Sit-In - WHEN

1977.

504 Sit-In - WHERE

San Francisco, California, federal building.

504 Sit-In - SIGNIFICANCE

28-day occupation successfully forced federal action; major milestone for disability rights and precursor to the Americans with Disabilities Act (1990).

Stonewall - WHO

LGBTQ+ patrons and activists, including Marsha P. Johnson and Sylvia Rivera.

Stonewall - WHAT

Riots sparked by a police raid at the Stonewall Inn, challenging systemic harassment of LGBTQ+ individuals.

Stonewall - WHEN

June 1969.

Stonewall - WHERE

Greenwich Village, New York City.

Stonewall - SIGNIFICANCE

Catalyst for the modern LGBTQ+ rights movement; led to formation of advocacy groups and annual Pride marches nationwide.

Kent State Shooting - WHO

Ohio National Guard vs. student protesters.

Kent State Shooting - WHAT

Guardsmen fired on anti-Vietnam War protesters, killing four students and wounding nine

Kent State Shooting - WHEN

May 4, 1970.

Kent State Shooting - WHERE

Kent State University, Ohio.

Kent State Shooting - SIGNIFICANCE

Symbol of domestic unrest; increased antiwar sentiment and influenced public opinion on U.S. involvement in Vietnam.

1968 Democratic National Convention - WHO

Democratic Party delegates, antiwar protesters, Chicago police.

1968 Democratic National Convention - WHAT

Convention overshadowed by violent clashes over Vietnam War and civil rights.

1968 Democratic National Convention - WHEN

August 1968.

1968 Democratic National Convention - WHERE

Chicago, Illinois.

1968 Democratic National Convention - SIGNIFICANCE

Exposed deep political divisions; eroded public trust in government; contributed to Nixon’s “law and order” strategy and reshaped U.S. politics.

26th Amendment - WHO

U.S. Congress and youth activists.

26th Amendment - WHAT

Constitutional amendment lowering the voting age from 21 to 18.

26th Amendment - WHEN

Ratified 1971.

26th Amendment - WHERE

United States.

26th Amendment - SIGNIFICANCE

Responded to arguments that those eligible for the draft in Vietnam should vote; expanded youth political participation and reflected 1960s–70s social changes.