EXAM 2 (MODULE 4)

Where does sperm production occur

occurs in male gonads which are the testes the testes also produce testosterone

where does sperm functionally mature

they mature in the epididymis/they acquire mobility and ability to fertilize

what are the three accessory glands of the male reproductive system

seminal vesicle/seminal glands

prostate gland

bulbs-urethral gland 

seminal vesicle/seminal glands

smaller but contribute 60% of semen, stimulate flagellum movement, and the 1st steps of capacitation which is making small molecular changes to allow for fertilization

prostate gland

contribute 20-30% of semen enzymes and contain the seminalplasmin which is the antibiotic for male tract. Benign prostatic hypertrophy and prostate cancer

bulbo urethral glands 

they secrete alkaline (basic) mucus for lubrication and pH buffer

where is each accessory gland located

located near the base of the bladder with the seminal vesicles positioned on either side and the prostate gland situated inferior to the bladder, surrounding the urethra; the bulbourethral glands are found on the sides of the urethra, inferior to the prostate gland

What is the function of the ductus deferens? (vas deferens)

long muscular tube that goes from the epididymis to transport sperm from the testes to the urethra to prepare for ejaculation.

What is the function of the uterine tube?

The function of the uterine tube or fallopian tube is to deliver the oocyte/egg or embryo to the uterus.

What is the function of the uterus?

provide mechanical protection, nutritional support, and waste removal for embryo and fetus.

What are the three layers of the uterus?

Perimetrium,Myometrium,Endometrium

Perimetrium

(outer) which is the outside connective tissue, incomplete serosa continuous with the peritoneal lining

Myometrium

(middle/main part) smooth muscle layer providing force for childbirth

Endometrium

(inner) the lining that is shed off monthly through menstruation if there is no baby that month

What is a uterine cycle?

menstrual cycle is monthly changes in the uterus that respond to sex hormone levels. The endometrial lining arteries start to constrict /tissue blood flow decreases which causes the tissue to die if there is no baby

What is the average length of the uterine cycle?

Averages 28 days in length between each menstruation cycle. The first cycle begins 11-12 years of age. Menstruation lasts 1-7 days and 35-50 mL of blood is lost.

What is menopause, and at what age does it occur?

the end of the uterine cycle, 45-55 years of age

What does the surge of luteinizing hormone trigger?

The surge of the luteinizing hormone peaks before ovulation and this triggers ovulation and the egg to be released from the ovary.

What is the function of the ovaries?

it is the female gonads= their function is to produce eggs and the female hormone estrogen.

What happens when the human sperm and oocyte meet?

they come together and produce a zygote which is 46 chromosomes. This occurs generally 24 hours after ovulation.

what are the steps when the sperm and oocyte meet

Oocytes at ovulation released and suspended in Metaphase II. Fertilization and oocyte, this is the trigger for meiosis to finish & start mitosis (cell division). Pronucleus formation begins from male and female haploid nuclei. Spindle formation and cleavage preparation cleavage takes 30 hours. Then Amphimixisoccurs and cleavage begins, the cell becomes a zygote with 46 chromosomes. Cytokinesis begins when a cell divides into two new cells and makes two new daughter cells called blastomeres. Then after 5 days it becomes a blastocyst and continues to grow. Implantation then happens and the blastocyst attaches to the endometrium.

What is a blastomere?

is made when the zygote splits into two daughter cells that are called blastomeres.

What is a morula?

a solid ball of cells that forms during the early stages of embryonic development. Is made from the splitting of blastomeres.

What is a blastula?

Is at the early stage of development when it is a hollow ball of cells.

What is a blastocyst?

is a ball of dividing cells that forms in the early stages of an embryo, about five to six days after fertilization. It's made up of two types of cells: Trophoblast and inner cell mass

What are the inner cell mass cells?

Trophoblast and inner mass cell

trophoblast

The outer layer of cells that provide nutrients to developing embryo

inner mass cell

will form the embryo

What happens to the inner cell mass and syncytial trophoblast during implantation?

the inner mass cells will form the embryo. The outer layer of cells called the Trophoblast (which is filled with fluid of cells) provides nutrients to developing embryos.

yolk sac

produces cells that become part of the fetus, such as the gut, sperm, and eggs. It transports the nutrients to the embryo.

amnion

is the innermost layer, surrounding the embryo in amniotic fluid.

allantois

helps the embryo exchange gasses and handle liquid gasses/ will later form the urinary bladder

chorion

is the cells that come from the embryo/develops placenta and becomes primary embryo support oxygen/nutrients exchanged for carbon dioxide/wastes