History Unit 2 test

Indus Valley Civilization

an early civilization, known for its advanced culture, that developed in the Indus River valley in India, only archeological discoveries have been made about it. It had a sewage system and a great bath.

Vedas

Ancient Sanskrit writings that are the earliest sacred texts of Hinduism.

The four Varnas

Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaisyas, Sudras

Brahmins

Priests, at the top of the caste system which the Aryans made

Kshatriyas

The warrior and aristocrat varna of the caste system.

Vaisyas

farmers, craftspeople, and traders

Sudras

Caste that made up most of the Indian population; most were peasants and manual laborers; they had limited rights in society

Dalits

Untouchables

Brahman

the eternal essence of reality and the source of the universe, beyond the reach of human perception and thought

Atman

the individual soul

Yoga

a system of exercises practiced as part of the Hindu discipline to promote control of the body and mind

Samsara

(Hinduism and Buddhism) the endless cycle of birth and suffering and death and rebirth, unless you fulfill you darhma

Karma

(Hinduism and Buddhism) the effects of a person's actions that determine his destiny in his next incarnation

Dharma

the religious and moral duties of an individual

What is the first of the Four Noble Truths?

All life is full of suffering, pain, and sorrow.

What is the cause of suffering according to the Four Noble Truths?

The cause of suffering is nonvirtue, or negative deeds and mindsets such as hatred and desire.

What is the only cure for suffering in Buddhism?

The only cure for suffering is to overcome nonvirtue.

What is the way to overcome nonvirtue according to the Four Noble Truths?

The way to overcome nonvirtue is to follow the Eightfold Path.

Eightfold Path

the path to nirvana, comprising eight aspects in which an aspirant must become practiced: right views, intention, speech, action, livelihood, effort, mindfulness, and concentration.

Nirvana

a state of perfect peace

Siddhartha Gautama

Founder of Buddhism

Maurya Empire

Indian empire founded by Chandragupta, beginning with his kingdom in northeastern India and spreading to most of northern and central India

Ashoka

Leader of the Mauryan dynasty of India who conquered most of India but eventually gave up violence and converted to Buddhism.

Gupta Empire

(320-550 CE) The decentralized empire that emerged after the Mauryan Empire, and whose founder is Chandra Gupta.

Chandragupta II

Gupta emperor, he ruled India during the height of Gupta power.

Describe the key features of the Indus Valley Civilization

Centered around the Indus River in modern day Pakistan, Evidence of careful planning, Large-scale infrastructure projects (e.g. plumbing),

Why did Siddhartha found a new religion?

to pursue spiritual enlightenment, he wanted to find a path to end samsara

What do Hinduism and Buddhism both believe about karma?

Both believe in being bound to this world through karma.

What is a shared belief about rebirth in Hinduism and Buddhism?

Both believe in rebirth.

What do Hinduism and Buddhism promote regarding violence?

Both promote no violence towards all living things.

What do Hinduism and Buddhism consider the main cause of suffering?

Both consider desire as the main cause of suffering.

What is a common value emphasized by both Hinduism and Buddhism?

Both emphasize compassion.

What is the ultimate goal of Hinduism?

Union with Brahman

What is the ultimate goal of Buddhism?

Nirvana

In Buddhism, what happens if you completely fulfill your Dharma?

You would not be reborn, even if you were a low Varnya.

In Hinduism, can a Sudra leave samsara if they fulfill their Dharma?

No, a Sudra cannot leave samsara, untill they reach brahman

Explain the historical significance of Ashoka's edicts

it contained Buddhist values, hope for general welfare, valued justice and security.

Explain the cultural contributions of ancient India

Used the idea of zero, had advancements in mathematics such as the development in the decimal system, and science such as astronomy, had advancements in medical world. The poetry of Kalidasa.

Oracle Bones

The earliest known Chinese writing is found on these from ritual activity of the Shang period.

Mandate of Heaven

The Mandate of Heaven was a Chinese philosophical and political concept that granted emperors the right to rule, but with the condition that they must rule justly and virtuously. If a ruler became corrupt or ineffective, natural disasters like floods and famines would be seen as signs that the mandate had been lost

What historical period followed the fragmentation of the Zhou Dynasty?

Warring States Period

What characterized the Warring States Period?

Intense warfare among several competing states

What advancements were made during the Warring States Period?

Significant military, social, and technological advancements

What is Confucianism?

A philosophy that adheres to the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius.

What does Confucianism emphasize for society?

It shows the way to ensure a stable government and an orderly society.

What moral aspect does Confucianism stress?

It stresses a moral code of conduct.

How does Confucianism view relationships?

It values the hierarchy in relationships.

What happens if a ruler's morality declines according to Confucianism?

The population would follow the decline in morality.

Daoism

philosophical system developed by of Lao-tzu advocating a simple honest life and noninterference with the course of natural events. Valued the practice of the Wu Wei. The ultimate want was to become the un carved block

What you do not wish for yourself, do not do to others

Confucianism

To acquire virtue, a good ruler must learn self-discipline through the practice of rituals

Confucianism

All things in the universe are connected through the Way

Daoism

Xiao is the principle that children should respect their parents

Confucianism

Wu Wei involves living in harmony and letting things take their natural course without interruption

Daoism

Right action comes from recognizing your relationships to others and knowing your place

Confucianism

Conflict comes from attempting to interfere with the natural course of events

Daoism

Human beings are teachable

Confucianism

A good ruler seeks to rid himself of desire

Daoism

A good ruler should avoid aggressive measures like war or punishment

Daoism

Virtue is a matter of returning to one's inherent nature

Daoism

A decline in the practice of rituals will cause a decline in moral behavior

Confucianism

A good ruler must set a moral example for his subjects

Confucianism

Seeking harmony in all things can help one attain virtue

Daoism

Interactions with the community can help one attain virtue

Confucianism

Effortless action involves being at one with the Way

Daoism

How is the idea of the Mandate of Heaven connected to the Zhou dynasty?

The western Zhou Dynasty introduces the "Mandate of heaven", a new idea that Heaven grants rulers the rights to govern but can withdraw it if they rule unjustly

How did the historical context of the Warring States Period influence the views of ancient Chinese philosophers?

Following the Warring States Period three philosphies became popular, Confucianism(Confucius), Daoism(Laozi, Zhuangzi), and legalism(Han Feizi). All wanted to find a solution to the constant violence, political warfare and chaos and to restore unity into society.

explain the main principles of Confucianism and Daoism

Confucianism focuses on social order, moral duty, and relationships, you need to follow Li (Everyone should follow rules of behavior, manners, and respect to maintain social order.) and Ren (People should act with compassion and empathy toward others.)

Daoism focuses on natural harmony, freedom, and simplicity. Wu Wei (Non-Action):“Action through inaction” — go with the flow of nature instead of forcing things.

Who was the first emperor of China?

Qin Shi Huang

What dynasty did Qin Shi Huang establish?

Qin Dynasty

What political philosophy did Qin Shi Huang follow?

Legalism

What system did Qin Shi Huang abolish?

Feudalism

What type of government did Qin Shi Huang establish?

Bureaucracy

What was Qin Shi Huang's stance on religion?

Anti-religion

What major construction project is associated with Qin Shi Huang?

Building of the Great Wall

Terracotta Army

collection of seven thousand life-sized sculptures made from pottery in the tomb of Shi Huangdi

Legalism

Emphasized clearly stated laws, strict adherence to those laws, and harsh punishments for anyone that disobeyed.

Silk Road

Connected China, India, and the Middle East. Traded goods and helped to spread culture.

Civil service exam

a test given to qualify candidates for positions in the government, focused on writing and reading

How should Qin Shi Huang be remembered?

He unified china through strong leadership,

Why is the Han period considered a golden age of Chinese civilization?

Iron tools

Papermaking

Magnetic compass

Silk manufacturing

The civil service system began Qin periods, the Han brought long-lasting peace and unity.

Advances were made in medicine, astronomy, and engineering.

Art and literature