APUSH TEST 7.9-7.14

ULTIMATE STUDY GUIDE RAH

The Great Depression

Period of mass unemployment and social upheaval (homelessness, migration, family stress, hunger) in the 1930's

Began with the stock market crash in 1929. Ended when the U.S. entered WWII (1941)

Causes of the Great Depression

Over speculation

Bank Failures

Bank runs

High tariffs- The Smoot-Hawley tariff

Federal Reserve's poor monetary policy

Over production

What is Dust Bowl?

Dust Bowl refers to a Region of the Great Plains that experienced dust storms. Caused by over-farming and drought

Who were the "Okies"

farmers from Oklahoma and other Great Plains states that moved to California looking for migrant farm work.

Mexican Repatriation Act

White migrant farmers wanted jobs that were filled by Mexican immigrants in the west. The federal government authorized the deportation of Mexican immigrants, thousands of them citizens, in order to keep farm jobs available for white Americans. Example of nativism

President Hoover's Response

Hoover took a laissez-faire approach to the economy

Believed rugged individualism would improve the economy- people should help themselves Called on churches or private charities to help the needy

Hoovervilles

shantytowns set up by homeless people

Keynesian economics

The government should stimulate the economy in the short term through spending. "Deficit spending" means the government is spending more money that it has-leads to buildup of debt. This is different from traditional, laissez-faire economics that says that the market will fix itself in the long-term.

Job Programs

Public Works Administration, Works Progress Administration, Civilian Conservation Corps

These all had the purpose of creating jobs (usually public works/construction) for the unemployed. This also stimulate recovery because when people will spend money

Tennessee Valley Authority

Provides electricity, flood control, and jobs to rural area of the South -this still exists

National Recovery Administration

authorized the president to set prices, wages, and maximum hours for workers, and protect unions.

Emergency Relief Emergency Administration

direct funds to the states to use to help unemployed

Social Security

government pensions to retired, disabled, widows, or others who cannot work through no fault of their own.

Glass-Steagall Act

prohibits banks from banking risky investments and creates the

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)

the federal government guarantees/insures bank deposits. If a bank closes, its customers do not lose their money

Securities and Exchange Commission

regulates the stock market to prevent another crash

Federal Housing Administration

provides government-backed mortgages

National Labor Relations Act/Wagner Act

Guarantees workers the right of collective bargaining (the right to join a union) and protects rights of unions. This finally makes unions a strong political force. Before this the government usually backed business over unions.

Why did congress refuse to approve FDR's court-packing plan

It would give the executive branch too much power, violating the idea of Separation of Power

It would weaken the idea of checks and balances. Judicial branch is supposed to be able to "check" the power of Congress and the President. It cannot do that if it's manipulated by the President

Nazi Germany

Led by Adolf Hitler who promised to restore Germany's pre-WWI borders and power. Nazis and Hitler are democratically elected.

Militarism and Fascism

Hitler appoints himself Chancellor and enacts policies to build military and silence opposition

Holocaust

begins by blaming Jewish population for economic and political problems, denying them civil and citizenship rights, ultimately leads to removal to concentration camps

Appeasement

Britain and France respond to Germany's territorial aggression by compromising. At the Munich Conference, Germany is allowed to annex Sudetenland of Czechoslovakia in exchange for promising to stop. THIS DOES NOT WORK. Germany takes it as a sign of weakness.

Japan

Led by Emperor Hirohito, but the military under General and later Prime Minister Hideki Tojo holds the power

Japan invaded Manchuria (China) in 1931 and by 1937 controlled most of China. Begins seeking control of Pacific

America First Committee-Charles Lindbergh

promote isolationism

Nye Committee

Congressional committee that concluded the U.S. entered WWI to serve the interests of American weapons manufacturers and banks

Neutrality Acts of 1935-1937

prohibited Americans from selling weapons or loaning money to nations at war, cannot travel on ships to warring nations

This is to prevent a repeat of WWI (Lusitania)

Quarantine Speech

FDR urges the world to isolate "aggressive nations" by cutting off trade and loans; condemns actions of totalitarian nations but stops short of supporting US military action in WWII

"Arsenal of Democracy"

FDR gives a speech asking Americans to emotionally (not military) support Allies; wants US to provide war supplies to Allies; proposed "cash carry" policy in which US can send weapons to Allies as long as they do not use US ships.

Four Freedoms Speech

FDR's January 1941 Inaugural Address outlining rights that everyone in the world should have Freedom from fear and want, Freedom of speech and worship

Lend-Lease Act

U.S. lends war materials/money to the Allies

Flying Tigers

American pilots that sent supplies to China and engaged in combat with Japanese. Not part of US armed forces

Americans fear Japan will....

attack the West Coast and worry Japanese Americans disloyal to the U.S. after Japan attacked Pearl Harbor. No evidence that Japanese living in the U.S. posed a threat

Executive Order 9066

President Roosevelt orders the removal of Japanese-Americans on the West Coast to internment camps in the interior U.S. without any evidence of disloyalty or due process. Impacted more than 100,000. Many were U.S. citizens.

Korematsu v. United States

Supreme Court says that Executive Order 9066 was constitutional because the government can limit civil liberties during wartime in the interest of national security.

Compare with limits on free speech during WWI (Schenck v. US) and after September 11 attacks (USA PATRIOT Act )

1988

Congress officially apologized for treatment of Japanese during WWII and provides reparations

Mass mobilization

provided war equipment to the Allies on TWO FRONTS-Europe and Pacific- generates industrial demand. This ends the Great Depression

Government controls on the economy to produce resources/supplies for the military and meet needs of civilians-

Consumer production transformed to war supplies (example: factories produced planes and tanks instead of cars

War Production Board and Office of War Mobilization manage resources, set production priorities, enact price controls and set wages

Consumers dealt with shortages of certain products while factories focused on war supplies

Financing the War

War bonds: civilians invest in "bonds" that helped the government pay for the war. Essentially lending money to the government with interests.

Income taxes increased and deducted from paychecks for the first time

Volunteerism

Americans view the war as a fight for freedom and democracy against fascism and militarism. This increased support for enlistment and patriotism on the homefront

Office of War Information

Government agency that used propaganda on posters, radio, and movies to encourage Americans to support the war and tried to create unrest among citizens in enemy countries. Required all movies to contribute in some way to the war effort.

Rationing

The government conserves scarce resources like food, fuel, and raw materials by limiting how much Americans could buy. Families received ration coupons to buy goods like coffee, sugar, and wheat. Shortages of certain food and consumer items!

Victory Gardens

Americans grew vegetables to conserve farm-produced food for the soldiers.

Rosie the Riveter

symbol of women's economic role during the war. Women were encouraged to take traditionally male jobs while men enlisted in the military

Tuskegee Airmen

African-American pilots that escorted bomber pilots on missions. Their skill and heroism contributed to the integration of the armed forces after the war.

Bracero Program

The Federal government recruits Mexicans as farm workers because of agricultural labor shortage. Usually exploited, working for low wages in poor conditions although that was technically illegal. Leads to an influx of Mexicans into California

Zoot-Suit Riots

series of riots and violence between white American servicemen and Latinos living in Los Angeles. Police arrested mostly Latinos.

Navajo Code Talkers

The U.S. used the Navajo language as a basis for a secret code. Tribe members were recruited to transmit the code in the Pacific front of the war.

Normandy Invasion

Turning point

Also called D-Day.

Planned by Dwight Eisenhower the Commander of the Allied Troops.

Largest amphibious (water) invasion up to that point.

Bataan Death March (1942)

Japan invades the Philippines and takes U.S. and Filipino soldiers prisoner. Forces them to march 60 miles through the jungle. Many were executed or tortured along the way. 5,000 Americans died.

island-hopping:

General Douglas MacArthurs's (Commander of the Allied Troops in the Pacific) strategy of taking over less-defended Pacific islands in order to surround Japan's mainland and drain Japan's resources.

Battle of Midway

Turning point of the war in the Pacific.

Admiral Chester Nimitz commanded the U.S. Fleet

4 of Japan's aircraft carriers are destroyed → Stops Japan's advancement through the Pacific

Manhattan Project

Americans scientists secretly develop and explode the first atomic bomb in New Mexico after Albert Einstein tells FDR that the Nazis could be working on their own weapon

August 6, 1945

US drops first atomic bomb on the Japanese city of Hiroshima. 140,000 die. Japan does not surrender

August 9, 1945

US drops second atomic bomb on Nagasaki, killing 74,000 people.

In a Great Migration during and after World War I....

African Americans escaping segregation, racial violence, and limited economic opportunity in the South moved to the North and West, where they found new opportunities but still encountered discrimination.

In the years following World War I, the United States pursued....

a unilateral foreign policy that used international investment, peace treaties, and select military intervention to promote a vision of international order, even while maintaining U.S. isolationism.

Over Speculation in the Stock Market

buying too many stocks & making reckless investments - banks also did this with people's money.

Smoot-Hawley Tariff

tax on foreign goods (so people would buy American made products) but it led to a decrease in international trade and hurt the economy

Business Failures

people could not buy products so that led to businesses failing and then laying off workers & causing unemployment & homelessness (foreclosures).

Stock Market Crash of 1929

Stock market crashed & Americans lost everything

Bank Failures & Bank Runs

banks going out of business & Americans losing their life savings

Standardization of Parts

Increased production by making everything standard sizes (canned goods, loaf of bread, etc) so its easier and faster to produce & sell

Created NEW DEAL

which promised to help Americans get back on their feet.

*New Deal increased the size and role of the federal govt.

*Govt now is responsible for protecting & stabilizing the the economy

*First time government made a direct impact in the everyday lives of Americans (by providing money or jobs & taking care of their welfare

Critics argued that the New Deal programs...

gave the federal government & the executive branch (President) too much power (like a king or dictator)

Court-Packing

Pres. Franklin Roosevelt tried to tip the Supreme Court in his favor by adding more Supreme Court justices (judges) to the bench that he would select & they would rule in favor of his programs.

*The court packing plan was denied because it would give the executive branch - the President - too much power*

dust storms in the Great Plains area of United States caused by:

Poor farming practices

Drought

High winds

Eleanor Roosevelt: First Lady

Wife of President Roosevelt (FDR)

she was loved by all Americans & the world because she was a political activist who spoke out strongly for the poor, women's rights, and peace.

Germany was forced to do four things:

1) Dismantle most of its military

2) Pay for most of the damages done during the war (reparations)

3) Withdraw its military along border between France and Germany

4) Give up territory used to create countries of Poland and Czechoslovakia.