reviews

Individualism

social theory advocating the liberth rights or independence of the individual

Court Packing

FDR’s technique to expand Supreme Court

Populism

political stnaces that emphasize the idea of “the people”

Laissez-Faire

economic philosophy of free-market capitalism that opposes government intervention

Disenfranchisement

to deprive of a legal right (especially the vote)

1st Amendment

Freedom of speech, religion, press, assemble, petition

2nd Amendment

right to bear arms

3rd Amendment

no quartering (housing) of troops during peace time

4th Amendment

no search and sizure without warrant

5th Amendment

no Double Jeapordy, don’t testify against yourself; life, liberty and property can’t be taken away without due process; government can take your land if they compensate you for it. Due Process: fair treatment through judical system

6th Amendment

fast and public trial

7th Amendment

trial by jury

8th Amendment

no cruel or unusual punishments

9th Amendment

you have rights not listed in the constitution

10th Amendment

State’s Rights

11th Amendment

restricts ability of individuals to bring suit against states in federal court

12th Amendment

if no presidential canidate has a majority, or if there is a tie, the House of Representatives will choose president; Senate chooses the vice president

13th Amendment

abolished slavery

14th Amendment

citizens get equal protection under the law

15th Amendment

gave African-American men the right to vote

16th Amendment

income tax

17th Amendment

direct election of senators; elected by the people and not state legislators; Government more resposive to the people

18th Amendment

prohibition is inacted and alcohol is illegal

19th Amendment

suffarge for women

20th Amendment

moved beginning and ending of terms of president and vice president from March 4 to January 20

21st Amendment

18th ampendment is repealed and prohibition ends

22nd Amendment

no person shall be elected to the office of the president more than twice

23rd Amendment

permit district citizens to elect presidential electores who would be in additon to electors from states and who would participate in elections of the president and vice president

24th Amendment

abolished the poll tax

25th Amendment

clarifys that vice president becomes president if president dies, resigns, or is removed from office, and establishes how vacancy of vice president can be elected

26th Amendment

fave voting rights to americans 18 year and older (If you can fight and die at 18 you hsould be able to vote)

27th Amendment

prohibts any law hat increases or decreases the salary of members of Congress from taking effect until after the next election of the House of Representatives has occured

Referendum

law passed by the legislative can be reference to the people for approval/veto

Recall

people can petition and vote to have an elected offical removed from office

Plessy v Feguson

said that “seperate but equal” facilities were legal; effect = uphel segregation

Delgado v. Bastrop ISD

declared educational segregation of Mexican Americans illegal in Texas; effect = 1st successful desegregation case

Brown v. Board of Education

made segregation illegal in public schools (Cheif Justice Earl Warren); effect = began desegregation in pubic schools

Herandez v Texas

Mexican Americans and all other racial groups had equal prtection under the 14th Amendment; effect = successful challeges of employment/ housing and discrimination

Mapp v Ohio

evidence obtained in violation of the 4th Amendment, which prohibits "unreasonable searches and seizures," is inadmissible in state courts; effect = strengthed 4th Amendment protections

Palmer v Thompson

A city may choose not to operate desegregated facilities if its decision appears neutral on its face; effect = denies public facilites to all citizens

White v Regester

voters failed to carry burden of proof for equal protection clause; effect = decreased voting strength of racial/ethnic minorites

Miranda v Arizona

arrested individual intitilted to rights against self-discrimination attorney; effect = more rights for the accused in district among people

Roe v Wade

legalized abortion due to women’s right to privacy; effect = abortions became legal

Bush v Gore

Florida’s recall vilolated equal protection clause; effect = bush became president (1st election by the Supreme Court)

Schenck v US

freedom of speech can be restricted if words spoken/printed resprosend present danger to society; espionage act was legal; effect = limited basic rights

Korematsu v US

wartime internment of american citizens of Japense descent was unconstitutional; effect = 1st separte standard of review for a law with suspect classification

Boomtowns

towns that popped up overnight near mines, become ghost towns when the mines dried up

Dawes Act

US law that attempted to assimilate Indians by giving them individual plots of land; impact = took away communal lifestyle

Assimilation

process where individuals or groups of differing ethnic heritage are absorbed into the dominant culture of a society

Manifest Destiny

belief that the US should stretch from Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean; land acquisition through the 1860s; spread of democracy to the west

How did the expansion of railroads impact settlement of the West?

encouraged settlement of west and created jobs

How did the railroads improve the standard of living for the settlers in the West?

provided new economic opportunities, stimulated the development of towns and communities, and generally tied the country together

Long (Cattle) Drives

way of cattle ranchers to transport cattle to eastern cities to be shipped by railroads

Barbed wire

used to force in land on the Great Plains, eventually leading to the end of the open frontier; aided the creation of large ranches

Steel Plow

farm machine used to break up soil to allow the planting of crops

Homestead Act

Law that provided 160 acres to anyone who was willing to settle land in the west

Push Factors for Immigrants in the Gilded Age

escape religious persecution and political turmoil

Pull Factors for Immigrants in the Gilded Age

hobe for liberty and better economic conditions

Americanization

activities designed to prepare immigrants of the US for full participation in citizenship

Nativism

hatred of immigrants - want an ethnically homogenous society and restriction on immigration

Chinese Exclusion Act

banned chinese immigration to US beginning in 1882

Urbanization

large growth of cities

White Wings

street cleaners that wear white uniforms to convey a sense of cleanliness in the gilded age

Gospel of Wealth

concept by Andrew Carnegie that said Americans had a responsibility to spend money to benefit the greater good

Andrew Carnegie

business tycoon of the Steel industry

Philanthropy

wealthy give back to society by supporting the arts and education (Andrew Carnegie’s ex: give them a “ladder” to raise themselves on)

John D. Rockefeller

business tycoon who owned Standard Oil and controlled 90% of the oil industry in late 1800s

JP Morgan

leader in investment banking, commercial banking, financial transaction processing, and asset management in the Gilded Age

Cornelius Vanderbilt

railroad industry business tycoon

Gilded Age

period of gross materialism and blatant political corruption in U.S. history during the 1870s that gave rise to important novels of social and political criticism

Spoils System

practice of successful political party giving public

Civil Service Reform

laws passed in the 1870s and 1880s began to require government workers to take tests to work for government and began replacing the “spoils system”

Political Machine

corrupt organized groups that controlled political parties in the cities; a political boss leads the machine and attempts to get more votes for his party

Political Machines were popular because…

lack of city services - couldn’t keep up with increased immigration; exchanged improvements in urban infrastructure and servies for votes

How did the inventions of the Gilded Age impact society?

led to improved standard of living/productivity

Booker T. Washington

advocated equality for african-americans by proposing gradual equality (education 1st, equality 2nd)

WEB DuBois

advocated equality for african-americans by demanding immediate equality and forming the NAACP (their goal was complete equality)

Upton Sinclair

Wrote The Jungle which describes the terrible conditions of meat-packing plants and struggles the immigrant workers faced; led to establishment of FDA (Food and Drug Administration), Meat Inspection Act, and Pure Food and Drug Act

Susan B. Anthony

advocated and lead women’s rights and suffrage movement; led to the 19th Amendment

Ida B wells

journalist that advocated for the equality of african-americans by leading an anti-lynching crusade

Frances Willard

was an educator, temperance reformer and women’s suffragist; influenced the passage of the 18th (prohibition) and 19th (women’s suffrage) Amendments

Jane Addams

child labor reformer and feminist and immigrant activist;; established Hull house which was a settlement house that helped immigrants address problems of poor living conditions

Jacob Riis

advocated slum reform in inner city by taking photographs of inner-city slums to help expose the poor living conditions and he published his pictures in the book How the Other Half Lives

Teddy Roosevelt

Big stick, national parks, trust busting

Progressive Era

period of US history from the 1890s to the 1920s is usually referred to as the Progressive Era, an era of intense social and political reform aimed at making progress toward a better society

Open Door Policy

ensured that the US could trade with China

Sandford B. Dole

serves as president, territorial governor and a US District Judge after the monarchy in Hawaii ended

Why was Hawaii annexed?

strategic naval base in the center of the Pacific Ocean

isolationism

advocated non-involvment in political or economic entanglements with other countries

imperialism

refers to a country expanding its terrritorial base (or economic influence) usually, though not neccesarily, by means of military aggression

Alfred T. Mahan

believed the US must have a large navy to support imperalism

Causes of Spanish American War

Yellow Journalism - new that exaggerates the truth in order to get a reaction

USS Maine - US warship blown up in Havana Harbor off the coast of Cuba

Effects of the Spanish American War

gained territories - Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico

platt amendment -gave Cuba independence with stipulations

America becomes a world power

Impact of opening the Panama Canal

waterway that connects the Atlantic to the Pacifi. Revolutionized international trade by making it much quicker and easier to travel between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans

Big Stick Diplomacy

Teedy Roosevelt’s arrestive approach tko Latin America and the Carribean, continued the Monore Docterine(“ask nicely, then force our way”)

Dollar Diplomacy

President Taft encouarged US business to invest in Latin America to entice good behavior

Moral Diplomacy

Moral values over imperialism used most in Latin America

Allied Powers in World War I

Great Britain, Russia, France, US, Serbia

Central Powers

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria

Causes of World War I

Militarism - nation’s built large armies to secure their empires

Alliances - European nations signed treaties with each other that created a system of alliances

Imperalism - competition between European countries to create empires

Nationalism - strong feelings of pride for one’s country