philosophy final 2

Hegel

Influential German philosopher known for the concept of the dialectic and the evolution of thought through Absolute Reason.

Dialectic

A process of development through thesis, antithesis, and synthesis, representing conflict driving progress.

Phenomenology of Spirit

Hegel’s work that focuses on how history and thought evolve.

Schopenhauer

Philosopher who emphasized the will as the essence of existence, influencing his form of nihilism.

The World as Will and Representation

Schopenhauer's argument that the universe doesn't culminate in God and that meaning is individually created.

Kierkegaard

Considered the father of Existentialism, advocating that truth is found within the individual.

Leap of Faith

Kierkegaard's concept encouraging personal confrontation with existential dilemmas.

Utilitarianism

An ethical theory advocated by Bentham and Mill that emphasizes maximizing overall happiness.

Greatest Happiness Principle

Bentham's principle advocating actions that maximize societal well-being.

John Stuart Mill

Philosopher who furthered Utilitarianism, emphasizing individual liberties.

Übermensch (Superman)

Nietzsche's concept of individuals who create their own values and redefine truth.

Death of God

Nietzsche's idea challenging the role of religion in modern life.

Pragmatism

Philosophical movement initiated by Peirce that evaluates beliefs based on their practical effects.

Veil of Ignorance

John Rawls' method for designing a fair society by imagining one's position without knowing personal circumstances.

Existentialism

A philosophical movement focusing on individual freedom and the anxiety of existence.

Phenomenology

Philosophical approach that examines how consciousness experiences the world.

Wittgenstein

Philosopher known for his views on language and later developed the language-games theory.

Authenticity

The emphasis on being true to one's own personality, spirit, or character, particularly emphasized by Sartre.

Moral Decision

A decision made based on moral principles and the consideration of utility as per Utilitarian theory.