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Pensacola Christian College Fall 2024
cognitive psychology
the scientific study of thinking
concept
categorizes information, images, ideas, or memories
event schema (cognitive script)
a set of routine or automatic behaviors
prototype
manifestation of a concept that serves as a typical example from your personal experience
artificial concepts
concepts defined by a specific set of characteristics
schemata
mental construct that makes connections about concepts and makes assumptions about a person or object
role schema
assumptions about individuals in certain roles
cognitive system 1
impulsive but efficient mental shortcuts that aid in mental processing; can be affected by bias
natural concepts
concepts created naturally through experience
cognitive system 2
rational, effortful, but lazy mental shortcuts that aid in mental processing
heuristics
mental shortcuts for problem-solving
anchoring bias (first0impression bias)
tendency to focus on one piece of information when making a decision
confirmation bias
tendency to focus on information that confirms you existing beliefs
hindsight bias
the tendency to see events as having been predictable after they have already occurred
representative bias
tendency to unintentionally stereotype someone or something
availability heuristic
tendency to make a decision based on an example, information, or experience; judging the likelihood of something based on how quickly it comes to your mind
practical intelligence
intelligence: street smarts and common sense
creative intelligence
intelligence: imaginative and innovative problem-solving
analytical intelligence
intelligence: academic problem-solving and computation
Multiple Intelligence Theory
theory which states that each person possesses at least 8 intelligences
emotional intelligence
intelligence: the ability to understand and regulate your own emotions and respond in culturally appropriate ways; better predictor of success
creativity
the ability to generate, create, or discover new ideas, solutions, and possibilities; one’s ability to engage in divergent thinking
divergent thinking
thinking outside the box; used when more than one possibility exists in a situation
convergent thinking
thinking: ability to provide a correct, or well-established answer
personality
how individuals think, feel, and behave; consistent in multiple contexts
choleric humor
passionate, ambitious, and bold (yellow bile from liver)
melancholic humor
reserved, anxious, and unhappy (black bile from kidneys)
sanguine humor
joyful, eager, and optimistic (red blood)
phlegmatic humor
calm, reliable, and thoughtful (phlegm)
phrenology
brain shape indicates personality
unconscious
mental activity we are unaware of
Freudian slip
hidden urges emerging out of consciousness
id
priitive, impulsive self; pleasure principle
superego
perfect, moralistic self
ego
rational self; mediator between id and superego; reality principle; what others see when they look at you
neurosis
imbalances in personality; tendency to experience negative emotions and anxiety
denial
refusal to accept real events because they are unpleasant
displcament
transferring inappropriate urges or behaviors onto a more acceptable or less threatening target
projection
atrributing unacceptable desires to others
rationalization
justifying behaviors by substituting acceptable reasons for less-acceptable real reasons
reaction formation
reducing anxiety by adopting beliefs contrary to your own beliefs
regression
returning to scoping strategies for less mature stages of development
repression
suppressing painful memories and thoughts
sublimation
redirecting unacceptable desires through socially acceptable channels
inferiority complex
we don’t measure up
Erik Erikson
developed psychoscial theory of development
Carl Jung
developed extroversion/introversion
persona
mask that we put on
Julian Rotter
developed locus of control
internal locus of controlk
outcomes are because of our effort
external locus of control
outcomes are because of outside influences
Abraham Maslow
hierarchy of needs
self-actualization
highest need according to Maslow
Carl Rogers
he linked personality to self-concept
ideal self
the person you would like to be
actual self
the person you actually are
traits
personality characteristics
trait theory
seeks to identify the basic traits necessary to describe personality
Gordon Allport
proposed 3 fundamental categories of traits
cardinal trait (narcissism)
overriding traits that motivate most of a person’s behavior
central trait
basic personality foundations
secondary traits
attitudes and preferences (circumstantial)
Cattell
reduced personality traits that represent personality
selective migration
people tend to move where others there match their personality
asylums
housed people with psychological disorders
Philippe Pinel
argued for humane treatment (talking not chaining)
Dorthea Dix
created first American mental asylum; investigated prison-like institutions
1954
antipsychotic medications were introduced
1975
mental retardation facilities and community mental health centers construction act
deinstitutionalization
the closing of large asylums
involuntary treatment
therapy that isn’t the individual’s choice
voluntary treatment
the person chooses toa tten therapy
free-association
patient relaxes and then says whatever comes to mind at the moment
dream analysis
therapist interprets the underlying meaning of dreams
transference
patient transfers all the positive or negative emotions to the psychoanalysis
psychodynamic therapy
based on childhood conflicts; looking at the past and making you talk about it
sandplay
therapy for children
nondirective play therapy
therapist will simply observe
directive play
therapist will provide guided play
aversive conditioning
uses an unpleasant stimulus to stop an undesirable behavior
exposure therapy
seeks to change the response to a conditioned stimulus
systematic therapy
seeks to change the response to a conditioned stimulus; used to treat fears or anxiety
virtual reality exposure
alternative to real-life
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