General Psychology Post-MidTerm PCC Mr. Poulin

Pensacola Christian College Fall 2024

cognitive psychology

the scientific study of thinking

concept

categorizes information, images, ideas, or memories

event schema (cognitive script)

a set of routine or automatic behaviors

prototype

manifestation of a concept that serves as a typical example from your personal experience

artificial concepts

concepts defined by a specific set of characteristics

schemata

mental construct that makes connections about concepts and makes assumptions about a person or object

role schema

assumptions about individuals in certain roles

cognitive system 1

impulsive but efficient mental shortcuts that aid in mental processing; can be affected by bias

natural concepts

concepts created naturally through experience

cognitive system 2

rational, effortful, but lazy mental shortcuts that aid in mental processing

heuristics

mental shortcuts for problem-solving

anchoring bias (first0impression bias)

tendency to focus on one piece of information when making a decision

confirmation bias

tendency to focus on information that confirms you existing beliefs

hindsight bias

the tendency to see events as having been predictable after they have already occurred

representative bias

tendency to unintentionally stereotype someone or something

availability heuristic

tendency to make a decision based on an example, information, or experience; judging the likelihood of something based on how quickly it comes to your mind

practical intelligence

intelligence: street smarts and common sense

creative intelligence

intelligence: imaginative and innovative problem-solving

analytical intelligence

intelligence: academic problem-solving and computation

Multiple Intelligence Theory

theory which states that each person possesses at least 8 intelligences

emotional intelligence

intelligence: the ability to understand and regulate your own emotions and respond in culturally appropriate ways; better predictor of success

creativity

the ability to generate, create, or discover new ideas, solutions, and possibilities; one’s ability to engage in divergent thinking

divergent thinking

thinking outside the box; used when more than one possibility exists in a situation

convergent thinking

thinking: ability to provide a correct, or well-established answer

personality

how individuals think, feel, and behave; consistent in multiple contexts

choleric humor

passionate, ambitious, and bold (yellow bile from liver)

melancholic humor

reserved, anxious, and unhappy (black bile from kidneys)

sanguine humor

joyful, eager, and optimistic (red blood)

phlegmatic humor

calm, reliable, and thoughtful (phlegm)

phrenology

brain shape indicates personality

unconscious

mental activity we are unaware of

Freudian slip

hidden urges emerging out of consciousness

id

priitive, impulsive self; pleasure principle

superego

perfect, moralistic self

ego

rational self; mediator between id and superego; reality principle; what others see when they look at you

neurosis

imbalances in personality; tendency to experience negative emotions and anxiety

denial

refusal to accept real events because they are unpleasant

displcament

transferring inappropriate urges or behaviors onto a more acceptable or less threatening target

projection

atrributing unacceptable desires to others

rationalization

justifying behaviors by substituting acceptable reasons for less-acceptable real reasons

reaction formation

reducing anxiety by adopting beliefs contrary to your own beliefs

regression

returning to scoping strategies for less mature stages of development

repression

suppressing painful memories and thoughts

sublimation

redirecting unacceptable desires through socially acceptable channels

inferiority complex

we don’t measure up

Erik Erikson

developed psychoscial theory of development

Carl Jung

developed extroversion/introversion

persona

mask that we put on

Julian Rotter

developed locus of control

internal locus of controlk

outcomes are because of our effort

external locus of control

outcomes are because of outside influences

Abraham Maslow

hierarchy of needs

self-actualization

highest need according to Maslow

Carl Rogers

he linked personality to self-concept

ideal self

the person you would like to be

actual self

the person you actually are

traits

personality characteristics

trait theory

seeks to identify the basic traits necessary to describe personality

Gordon Allport

proposed 3 fundamental categories of traits

cardinal trait (narcissism)

overriding traits that motivate most of a person’s behavior

central trait

basic personality foundations

secondary traits

attitudes and preferences (circumstantial)

Cattell

reduced personality traits that represent personality

selective migration

people tend to move where others there match their personality

asylums

housed people with psychological disorders

Philippe Pinel

argued for humane treatment (talking not chaining)

Dorthea Dix

created first American mental asylum; investigated prison-like institutions

1954

antipsychotic medications were introduced

1975

mental retardation facilities and community mental health centers construction act

deinstitutionalization

the closing of large asylums

involuntary treatment

therapy that isn’t the individual’s choice

voluntary treatment

the person chooses toa tten therapy

free-association

patient relaxes and then says whatever comes to mind at the moment

dream analysis

therapist interprets the underlying meaning of dreams

transference

patient transfers all the positive or negative emotions to the psychoanalysis

psychodynamic therapy

based on childhood conflicts; looking at the past and making you talk about it

sandplay

therapy for children

nondirective play therapy

therapist will simply observe

directive play

therapist will provide guided play

aversive conditioning

uses an unpleasant stimulus to stop an undesirable behavior

exposure therapy

seeks to change the response to a conditioned stimulus

systematic therapy

seeks to change the response to a conditioned stimulus; used to treat fears or anxiety

virtual reality exposure

alternative to real-life