Studied by 5 people
microscopy is…
the invention and development of the microscope
____ has been crucial to the understanding of cells and their processes
the microscope
two important parameters in microscopy?
magnification and resolution
what is the enlargement of the specimen
magnification
what is the clarity of the specimen
resolution
the light microscope uses _____ to pass through a specimen and glass lenses
visible light
what is an advantage of the light microscope?
can view live specimen
the light microscope cannot resolve finer than approximetaly_____(one bacteria cell)
0.2mm
the light microscope can magnify effectively about ____ the size of the specimen
1000 times
the transmission electron microscope uses a _____to produce an image
beam of electrons that passes through the specimen
TEM can reveal details of ____ _____ such as organelles in cells
internal structures
specimen are DEAD dead due to prep methods in what TWO microscopes
TEM and SEM
In TEM, cells must be _______
sliced very thin
in TEM, cells are stained with__
heavy metals
TEM can leave ______ on specimen viewed
artifacts
SEM uses a beam of electrons to_______
scan the surface of the objects
SEM produces a detailed ____ of the surface of the specimen
3-D
SEM specimen are coated with a_____
thin layer of gold
cell fractionation is important because____
scientist have used it to isolate and study smaller cell components(organelles)
prokaryotic cells contain DNA in a ______- a no membrane bound nucleus
nucleoid region
prokaryotes are ___ than eukaryotes
smaller
eukaryotic cells contain DNA in a ____
membrane bound nucleus
eukaryotic cells DO contain this while prokaryotic cells DO NOT
membrane bound organelles
eukaryotic cells are _____than prokaryotic cells
much larger
minimum size a cell can be in order to_________ and _________ to carry out life processes
house enough DNA and cellular enzymes
maximum amount of ___________________ for a celle to have substances enter and leave the cell at a sufficient rate
surface area to volume ratio
in compartmentalization- provides different local environments for specific metabolic functions which are _______ with one another
incompatible
in compartmentalization- _____________________ in the membranes around organelles that help them with their functions
enzymes are often embedded
the nucleus is usually the ______organelle
most noticable
Nucleus contains ______of eukaryotic cells
most genes
Nucleus- genes are in form of______
chromatin
nucleus enclosed by a double membrane called the ______
nuclear envelope
nuclear envelope has openings called _____
nuclear pores
in the center of the nucleus is another structure called the ____
nucleOUS
the nucleous is responsible for ___________
synthesizing the structural components of ribosomes
ribosomes are made of ___
rRNA and proteins
ribosomes consist of ___________________ that snap together during protein synthesis
large and small subunit
cells that generate many proteins have more ribosomes. ex:
pancreas cells
ribosomes are the most___
numerous
free ribosomes are found____
suspended in cytosol
ribosomes make proteins to be _____
used w/ the cell
bound ribosomes are found _________
tethered to rough ER
Rough ER make proteins to be used _______
in membranes or sent out of the cell
form the boundary of the cell;acts as a selective barrier allowing certain materials to pass but not others
cell membrane
the entire region between the nucleus and the cell membrane; consists of cytosol
cytoplasm
contains most of the genes that control the eukaryotic cell; generally the most conspicuous organelle in a eukaryotic cell; contains the nucleolus and chromatin
nucleus
where the components of the ribosomes are made and assembled; found in the nucleus
nucleolus
chromatin
consists of DNA and proteins; condenses to form chromosomes
double membrane that forms the boundary between the nuclear contents and the cytoplasm; perforated with pores
nuclear envelope
site of protein synthesis; suspended in the cytosol; produces proteins for the use within the cell
free ribosomes
site of protein synthesis; attached to the outside surface of the endoplasmic reticulum; produces proteins for use outside the cell or for use in the cell membrane
bound ribosomes
synthesizes lipids including phospholipids and steroids; metabolizes carbohydrates; detoxifies durgs and poisons; stores calcium ions
smooth ER
consists of flattened membranous sacs; receives transport vesicles from the ER and the modifies those ER products; produces certain molecules; produces lysosomes and secretory vesicles
golgi apparatus
channels proteins to transport vesicles; attaches carbohydrate to some proteins; involved in membrane production through the production of vesicles
rough ER
transport vesicles
carries ER products to the Golgi
carries golgi modified products to the cell membrane; fuses with the cell membrane releasing the contents to outside the cell
secretory vesicle
membrane bound sac of hydrolytic enzymes; enzymes are used to digest food, other molecules, and old, worn out cell parts
lysosome
membrane bound sacs; larger than vesicles and store materials
vacuole
site of cellular respiration; produces ATP from sugars, fats, and other fuels
mitochondria
site of photosynthesis; produce food using light energy, CO2 and H2O
chloroplast
contains enzymes that transfer hydrogen from substrates to oxygen producing H2O2; detoxifies alcohol; contains enzymes(catalase) that convert H2O2 to H20 and O2
peroxisome
paired structures found in animal cells; consist of microtubules in a 9+0 arrangement; involved in cell division
centrioles
consist of DNA and proteins
chromosomes and chromatin
tightly coiled
chromosomes
condensed
chromosomes
dispersed
chromosomes
uncoiled
chromatin
decondensed
chromatin
consist of 2 subunits
free ribosomes and bound ribsomes
composed of rRNA and proteins
free ribosomes and bound ribosomes
produce proteins for use within the cell
free ribosomes
suspended in the cytosol
free ribosomes
produce proteins for export
bound ribosomes
attached to rough ER
bound ribosomes
make up spindle fibers,centrioles, cilia, and flagella
microtubules
made of tubulin
microtubules
straight, hollow tubes
microtubules
involved in cell transport
microtubules, micro filaments
provide tracts for organelle movement
microtubules
involved in muscle contraction and localized cell contractions
microfilaments
form 3D support network just inside the cell membrane
microfilaments, microtubules, intermediate filaments
solid rods made of actin
microfilaments
can divide an animal cell in two by forming a contractile ring
microfilaments
produces cytoplasmic streaming
microfilaments
composition varies
intermediate filament
more permanent and intermediate in diameter
intermediate filament
reinforces cell shape and may fix organelle position
intermediate filament, microfilament, microtubules
what do animal cells contain that plant cells do not?
lysosomes, centrosomes(with centrioles), flagella
what do plant cells contain that animal cells do not?
chloroplasts, central vacuole, cell wall, plasmodesmata
the microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules make up___
cytoskeleton
how do plant and animal cells differ?
plants have a large vacuole, they sore food, waste, and water; animals have a small vacuole and some animal cells have none
how are plant and animal cells similar?
vacuoles are used for storage in both cells
large numbers of ribosomes are present in cells that specialize in producing which of the following molecules?
proteins
what is a common route for proteins in the endomembrane system(produced from bound ribosomes)
Rough ER-vesicles-Golgi-secretory vesicles-plasma membrane
which of the following is one of the main energy transformers of cells?
mitochondrion
what is not found in a prokaryotic cell?
a membrane bound nucleus
long fibers of DNA and protein are called
chromatin
cell size is limited by?
surface to volume ratios
which organelle is responsible for digesting foreign substances and/or worn out organelles
lysosomes
what is an example of something that does no contain its own DNA
peroxisomes
Note 
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