chapter 4, test

microscopy is…

the invention and development of the microscope

____ has been crucial to the understanding of cells and their processes

the microscope

two important parameters in microscopy?

magnification and resolution

what is the enlargement of the specimen

magnification

what is the clarity of the specimen

resolution

the light microscope uses _____ to pass through a specimen and glass lenses

visible light

what is an advantage of the light microscope?

can view live specimen

the light microscope cannot resolve finer than approximetaly_____(one bacteria cell)

0\.2mm

the light microscope can magnify effectively about ____ the size of the specimen

1000 times

the transmission electron microscope uses a _____to produce an image

beam of electrons that passes through the specimen

TEM can reveal details of ____ _____ such as organelles in cells

internal structures

specimen are DEAD dead due to prep methods in what TWO microscopes

TEM and SEM

In TEM, cells must be _______

sliced very thin

in TEM, cells are stained with__

heavy metals

TEM can leave ______ on specimen viewed

artifacts

SEM uses a beam of electrons to_______

scan the surface of the objects

SEM produces a detailed ____ of the surface of the specimen

3-D

SEM specimen are coated with a_____

thin layer of gold

cell fractionation is important because____

scientist have used it to isolate and study smaller cell components(organelles)

prokaryotic cells contain DNA in a ______- a no membrane bound nucleus

nucleoid region

prokaryotes are ___ than eukaryotes

smaller

eukaryotic cells contain DNA in a ____

membrane bound nucleus

eukaryotic cells DO contain this while prokaryotic cells DO NOT

membrane bound organelles

eukaryotic cells are _____than prokaryotic cells

much larger

minimum size a cell can be in order to_________ __and__ _________ to carry out life processes

house enough DNA and cellular enzymes

maximum amount of ___________________ for a celle to have substances enter and leave the cell at a sufficient rate

surface area to volume ratio

in compartmentalization- provides different local environments for specific metabolic functions which are _______ with one another

incompatible

in compartmentalization- _____________________ in the membranes around organelles that help them with their functions

enzymes are often embedded

the nucleus is usually the ______organelle

most noticable

Nucleus contains ______of eukaryotic cells

most genes

Nucleus- genes are in form of______

chromatin

nucleus enclosed by a double membrane called the ______

nuclear envelope

nuclear envelope has openings called _____

nuclear pores

in the center of the nucleus is another structure called the ____

nucleOUS

the nucleous is responsible for ___________

synthesizing the structural components of ribosomes

ribosomes are made of ___

rRNA and proteins

ribosomes consist of ___________________ that snap together during protein synthesis

large and small subunit

cells that generate many proteins have more ribosomes. ex:

pancreas cells

ribosomes are the most___

numerous

free ribosomes are found____

suspended in cytosol

ribosomes make proteins to be _____

used w/ the cell

bound ribosomes are found _________

tethered to rough ER

Rough ER make proteins to be used _______

in membranes or sent out of the cell

form the boundary of the cell;acts as a selective barrier allowing certain materials to pass but not others

cell membrane

the entire region between the nucleus and the cell membrane; consists of cytosol

cytoplasm

contains most of the genes that control the eukaryotic cell; generally the most conspicuous organelle in a eukaryotic cell; contains the nucleolus and chromatin

nucleus

where the components of the ribosomes are made and assembled; found in the nucleus

nucleolus

chromatin

consists of DNA and proteins; condenses to form chromosomes

double membrane that forms the boundary between the nuclear contents and the cytoplasm; perforated with pores

nuclear envelope

site of protein synthesis; suspended in the cytosol; produces proteins for the use within the cell

free ribosomes

site of protein synthesis; attached to the outside surface of the endoplasmic reticulum; produces proteins for use outside the cell or for use in the cell membrane

bound ribosomes

synthesizes lipids including phospholipids and steroids; metabolizes carbohydrates; detoxifies durgs and poisons; stores calcium ions

smooth ER

consists of flattened membranous sacs; receives transport vesicles from the ER and the modifies those ER products; produces certain molecules; produces lysosomes and secretory vesicles

golgi apparatus

channels proteins to transport vesicles; attaches carbohydrate to some proteins; involved in membrane production through the production of vesicles

rough ER

transport vesicles

carries ER products to the Golgi

carries golgi modified products to the cell membrane; fuses with the cell membrane releasing the contents to outside the cell

secretory vesicle

membrane bound sac of hydrolytic enzymes; enzymes are used to digest food, other molecules, and old, worn out cell parts

lysosome

membrane bound sacs; larger than vesicles and store materials

vacuole

site of cellular respiration; produces ATP from sugars, fats, and other fuels

mitochondria

site of photosynthesis; produce food using light energy, CO2 and H2O

chloroplast

contains enzymes that transfer hydrogen from substrates to oxygen producing H2O2; detoxifies alcohol; contains enzymes(catalase) that convert H2O2 to H20 and O2

peroxisome

paired structures found in animal cells; consist of microtubules in a 9+0 arrangement; involved in cell division

centrioles

consist of DNA and proteins

chromosomes and chromatin

tightly coiled

chromosomes

condensed

chromosomes

dispersed

chromosomes

uncoiled

chromatin

decondensed

chromatin

consist of 2 subunits

free ribosomes and bound ribsomes

composed of rRNA and proteins

free ribosomes and bound ribosomes

produce proteins for use within the cell

free ribosomes

suspended in the cytosol

free ribosomes

produce proteins for export

bound ribosomes

attached to rough ER

bound ribosomes

make up spindle fibers,centrioles, cilia, and flagella

microtubules

made of tubulin

microtubules

straight, hollow tubes

microtubules

involved in cell transport

microtubules, micro filaments

provide tracts for organelle movement

microtubules

involved in muscle contraction and localized cell contractions

microfilaments

form 3D support network just inside the cell membrane

microfilaments, microtubules, intermediate filaments

solid rods made of actin

microfilaments

can divide an animal cell in two by forming a contractile ring

microfilaments

produces cytoplasmic streaming

microfilaments

composition varies

intermediate filament

more permanent and intermediate in diameter

intermediate filament

reinforces cell shape and may fix organelle position

intermediate filament, microfilament, microtubules

what do animal cells contain that plant cells do not?

lysosomes, centrosomes(with centrioles), flagella

what do plant cells contain that animal cells do not?

chloroplasts, central vacuole, cell wall, plasmodesmata

the microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules make up___

cytoskeleton

how do plant and animal cells differ?

plants have a large vacuole, they sore food, waste, and water; animals have a small vacuole and some animal cells have none

how are plant and animal cells similar?

vacuoles are used for storage in both cells

large numbers of ribosomes are present in cells that specialize in producing which of the following molecules?

proteins

what is a common route for proteins in the endomembrane system(produced from bound ribosomes)

Rough ER-vesicles-Golgi-secretory vesicles-plasma membrane

which of the following is one of the main energy transformers of cells?

mitochondrion

what is not found in a prokaryotic cell?

a membrane bound nucleus

long fibers of DNA and protein are called

chromatin

cell size is limited by?

surface to volume ratios

which organelle is responsible for digesting foreign substances and/or worn out organelles

lysosomes

what is an example of something that does no contain its own DNA

peroxisomes