chapter 4, test

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104 Terms

1
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microscopy is…

the invention and development of the microscope

2
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____ has been crucial to the understanding of cells and their processes

the microscope

3
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two important parameters in microscopy?

magnification and resolution

4
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what is the enlargement of the specimen

magnification

5
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what is the clarity of the specimen

resolution

6
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the light microscope uses _ to pass through a specimen and glass lenses

visible light

7
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what is an advantage of the light microscope?

can view live specimen

8
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the light microscope cannot resolve finer than approximetaly_(one bacteria cell)

0.2mm

9
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the light microscope can magnify effectively about ____ the size of the specimen

1000 times

10
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the transmission electron microscope uses a _to produce an image

beam of electrons that passes through the specimen

11
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TEM can reveal details of ____ _____ such as organelles in cells

internal structures

12
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specimen are DEAD dead due to prep methods in what TWO microscopes

TEM and SEM

13
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In TEM, cells must be _

sliced very thin

14
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in TEM, cells are stained with__

heavy metals

15
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TEM can leave on specimen viewed

artifacts

16
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SEM uses a beam of electrons to_

scan the surface of the objects

17
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SEM produces a detailed ____ of the surface of the specimen

3-D

18
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SEM specimen are coated with a_

thin layer of gold

19
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cell fractionation is important because____

scientist have used it to isolate and study smaller cell components(organelles)

20
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prokaryotic cells contain DNA in a - a no membrane bound nucleus

nucleoid region

21
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prokaryotes are ___ than eukaryotes

smaller

22
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eukaryotic cells contain DNA in a ____

membrane bound nucleus

23
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eukaryotic cells DO contain this while prokaryotic cells DO NOT

membrane bound organelles

24
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eukaryotic cells are _than prokaryotic cells

much larger

25
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minimum size a cell can be in order to_ and _ to carry out life processes

house enough DNA and cellular enzymes

26
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maximum amount of _ for a celle to have substances enter and leave the cell at a sufficient rate

surface area to volume ratio

27
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in compartmentalization- provides different local environments for specific metabolic functions which are _ with one another

incompatible

28
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in compartmentalization- _ in the membranes around organelles that help them with their functions

enzymes are often embedded

29
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the nucleus is usually the organelle

most noticable

30
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Nucleus contains of eukaryotic cells

most genes

31
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Nucleus- genes are in form of

chromatin

32
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nucleus enclosed by a double membrane called the

nuclear envelope

33
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nuclear envelope has openings called _

nuclear pores

34
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in the center of the nucleus is another structure called the ____

nucleOUS

35
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the nucleous is responsible for ___

synthesizing the structural components of ribosomes

36
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ribosomes are made of ___

rRNA and proteins

37
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ribosomes consist of _ that snap together during protein synthesis

large and small subunit

38
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cells that generate many proteins have more ribosomes. ex:

pancreas cells

39
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ribosomes are the most___

numerous

40
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free ribosomes are found____

suspended in cytosol

41
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ribosomes make proteins to be _

used w/ the cell

42
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bound ribosomes are found _

tethered to rough ER

43
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Rough ER make proteins to be used _

in membranes or sent out of the cell

44
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form the boundary of the cell;acts as a selective barrier allowing certain materials to pass but not others

cell membrane

45
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the entire region between the nucleus and the cell membrane; consists of cytosol

cytoplasm

46
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contains most of the genes that control the eukaryotic cell; generally the most conspicuous organelle in a eukaryotic cell; contains the nucleolus and chromatin

nucleus

47
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where the components of the ribosomes are made and assembled; found in the nucleus

nucleolus

48
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chromatin

consists of DNA and proteins; condenses to form chromosomes

49
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double membrane that forms the boundary between the nuclear contents and the cytoplasm; perforated with pores

nuclear envelope

50
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site of protein synthesis; suspended in the cytosol; produces proteins for the use within the cell

free ribosomes

51
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site of protein synthesis; attached to the outside surface of the endoplasmic reticulum; produces proteins for use outside the cell or for use in the cell membrane

bound ribosomes

52
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synthesizes lipids including phospholipids and steroids; metabolizes carbohydrates; detoxifies durgs and poisons; stores calcium ions

smooth ER

53
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consists of flattened membranous sacs; receives transport vesicles from the ER and the modifies those ER products; produces certain molecules; produces lysosomes and secretory vesicles

golgi apparatus

54
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channels proteins to transport vesicles; attaches carbohydrate to some proteins; involved in membrane production through the production of vesicles

rough ER

55
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transport vesicles

carries ER products to the Golgi

56
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carries golgi modified products to the cell membrane; fuses with the cell membrane releasing the contents to outside the cell

secretory vesicle

57
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membrane bound sac of hydrolytic enzymes; enzymes are used to digest food, other molecules, and old, worn out cell parts

lysosome

58
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membrane bound sacs; larger than vesicles and store materials

vacuole

59
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site of cellular respiration; produces ATP from sugars, fats, and other fuels

mitochondria

60
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site of photosynthesis; produce food using light energy, CO2 and H2O

chloroplast

61
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contains enzymes that transfer hydrogen from substrates to oxygen producing H2O2; detoxifies alcohol; contains enzymes(catalase) that convert H2O2 to H20 and O2

peroxisome

62
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paired structures found in animal cells; consist of microtubules in a 9+0 arrangement; involved in cell division

centrioles

63
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consist of DNA and proteins

chromosomes and chromatin

64
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tightly coiled

chromosomes

65
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condensed

chromosomes

66
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dispersed

chromosomes

67
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uncoiled

chromatin

68
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decondensed

chromatin

69
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consist of 2 subunits

free ribosomes and bound ribsomes

70
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composed of rRNA and proteins

free ribosomes and bound ribosomes

71
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produce proteins for use within the cell

free ribosomes

72
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suspended in the cytosol

free ribosomes

73
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produce proteins for export

bound ribosomes

74
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attached to rough ER

bound ribosomes

75
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make up spindle fibers,centrioles, cilia, and flagella

microtubules

76
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made of tubulin

microtubules

77
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straight, hollow tubes

microtubules

78
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involved in cell transport

microtubules, micro filaments

79
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provide tracts for organelle movement

microtubules

80
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involved in muscle contraction and localized cell contractions

microfilaments

81
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form 3D support network just inside the cell membrane

microfilaments, microtubules, intermediate filaments

82
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solid rods made of actin

microfilaments

83
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can divide an animal cell in two by forming a contractile ring

microfilaments

84
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produces cytoplasmic streaming

microfilaments

85
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composition varies

intermediate filament

86
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more permanent and intermediate in diameter

intermediate filament

87
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reinforces cell shape and may fix organelle position

intermediate filament, microfilament, microtubules

88
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what do animal cells contain that plant cells do not?

lysosomes, centrosomes(with centrioles), flagella

89
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what do plant cells contain that animal cells do not?

chloroplasts, central vacuole, cell wall, plasmodesmata

90
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the microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules make up___

cytoskeleton

91
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how do plant and animal cells differ?

plants have a large vacuole, they sore food, waste, and water; animals have a small vacuole and some animal cells have none

92
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how are plant and animal cells similar?

vacuoles are used for storage in both cells

93
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large numbers of ribosomes are present in cells that specialize in producing which of the following molecules?

proteins

94
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what is a common route for proteins in the endomembrane system(produced from bound ribosomes)

Rough ER-vesicles-Golgi-secretory vesicles-plasma membrane

95
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which of the following is one of the main energy transformers of cells?

mitochondrion

96
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what is not found in a prokaryotic cell?

a membrane bound nucleus

97
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long fibers of DNA and protein are called

chromatin

98
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cell size is limited by?

surface to volume ratios

99
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which organelle is responsible for digesting foreign substances and/or worn out organelles

lysosomes

100
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what is an example of something that does no contain its own DNA

peroxisomes