Cardio Buzz Words - Key Medical Terms & Definitions

aortic aneurysm

50% increase in normal diameter or >3cm in size

pseudo/false aneurysm

collection of blood/CT outside aortic wall

AAA

abd/back pain

pulsatile abdominal mass

aortic rupture

pulsatile abdominal mass

hypotension

sudden, severe abdominal pain

gold standard dx AA and aortic dissection

CTA

aortic dissection

MCC acute HTN emergency or chronic HTN

DeBakey

1: ascend and descend

2: ascend

3: descend, proximal to celiac artery

4: descend, distal to celiac artery

stanford

1: ascend +/- descend

2: only descend

aortic dissection

sudden, severe chest/back pain

hypo or hypertension

pulse/BP differences between limbs

PAD (chronic arterial insufficiency)

MCC tissue ischemia

PAD (chronic arterial insufficiency)

pulses decreased/absent

cool, pale skin

dusky red (rubor) on dependency

no edema

trophic skin changes

ulcer on toes

chronic venous insufficiency

MCC venous hypertension

chronic venous insufficiency

normal pulses

petechiae/brown pigmentation

marked dependent edema

ulcer on medial ankle

telangiectasias

PAD

ABI ≤ 0.9

acute arterial occlusion of a limb

MCC embolism

in situ PAD

acute arterial occlusion of a limb

5 Ps:

-pallor

-pain/ paresthesias (numbness/tingling)

-pulseless

-paralysis (muscles w/ no perfusion)

-polar (cold)

acute arterial occlusion of a limb

arterial US/doppler

virchow's triad

stasis blood flow

endothelial injury

hypercoagulability

DVT

unilateral

pain

swelling

red

warm

tender

DVT

+ homan's sign

superficial thrombophlebitis

pain/tender along vein

warm

red

hard vein

varicose veins

uni or bilateral

dull, ache, heavy

venous stasis skin changes (red-purple)

R sided endocarditis

IVDU

tricuspid

SA

L sided endocarditis

dental procedures

mitral valve

strep viridans, SA

endocarditis

F:ever (MC)

R:oth spots

O:sler nodes

M:umur (tricuspid regurg)

J:aneway lesions

A:nemia

N:ail bed hemorrhages

E:mboli

myocarditis

infectious or non infectious (lupus) causes

myocarditis

days-weeks after URI

new onset HF

pericardial friction rub

myocarditis

definitive: endomyocardial biopsy

dressler syndrome

persistent fever, tachycardia, pulsus paradoxus

rheumatic fever

pericarditis

erythema marginatum, SQ nodules

sydenham chorea

polyarthritis

pericarditis

pleuritic chest pain

worse w/ deep breathing

better leaning forward/sitting up

friction rub > LSB

pericarditis

diffuse ST ↑ and PR↓ in same leads

flat, inverted T waves

CXR: water-bottle sign

pericarditis

colchicine + NSAIDs x3 months

pericardial effusion

muffled heart sounds

low voltage QRS, alternans

CXR: water-bottle sign

cardiac tamponade

d/t malignancy, infection, or trauma

cardiac tamponade

Beck's Triad

pulsus paradoxus

tachycardia

cardiac tamponade

low QRS voltage, alternans

echo: swinging in pericardial cavity

CHF

1) primary insult

2) compensatory mechanism

3) maladaptation

RHF

systemic sx

↑JVD

bilateral LE edema

hepatomeg

nocturia

LHF

pulmmonary sx

cough (frothy)

SOB

bilateral basilar crackles

S3 gallop

displaced PMI

CHF

CXR: cardiomeg, pulmonary vessel cephalization, kerley B-lines, pleural effusions

HFrEF

LVEF <40%

previously systolic HF > ejection problem

HFpEF

LVEF >50%

previously diastolic HF > filling problem

ACC/AHA stage A

at risk HF

tx HTN and DM prn

ACC/AHA stage B

pre-HF (no s/s, but structural heart disease)

ACEI/ARB, BB

SGLT2 if DM

ACC/AHA stage C

structural heart disease and current/past HF sx

ARNI

BB

spironolactone

SGLT2

ACC/AHA stage D

refractory sx or recurrent admission d/t HF

heart transplant, LVAD, palliative care

BB in HF

carvedilol

bisoprolol

metoprolol succinate XL

ARNI in HF

sacubitril/valsartan (entresto)

MRA/aldosterone antagonist in HF

spironolactone

eplerenone

SGLT2 in HF

dapagliflozin (farxiga)

empagliflozin (jardiance)

tx acute CHF exacerbation

loops

vasodilator (nitro)

inotropes (dobutamide)

morphine

DO NOT START BB

type 1 MI

MI d/t CAD w acute thrombosis

type 2 MI

MI d/t increased O2 demand or decreased O2 supply

ACS initial tx

1) ASA 162-325mg IR tablet, chewable, non-coated (plavix if asa CI)

2) SL nitro

3) O2 prn

STEMI

ST elevation or new LBBB or new Q waves

elevated troponins

NSTEMI

normal, inverted T waves, or ST depression

elevated troponins

unstable angina

normal, inverted T waves, or ST depression

normal troponins

PCI

tx NSTEMI if <90 mins needle to door

fibrinolytics

tx NSTEMI if <30 mins needle to door

PCI

NSTEMI tx when 1-3 arteries are narrowed

CABG

NSTEMI tx when significant narrowing of LAD or narrowing of all 3 major coronary arteries

unstable angina

MCC: non-occlusive thrombus

CAVS

crushing chest pain relieved with nitro, cocaine can cause

CAVS

ergonovine challenge during angiography

liver

makes cholesterol

total cholesterol

<200

LDL

<160

<130 (mod risk heart disease)

<100 (heart disease, or DM, or high risk)

<70 (heart disease + DM)

HDL

≥60

M<40, F<50 = increased risk heart disease

triglycerides

<150

dyslipidemia

screening:

20-39 w/o known CVD if high risk

40-75 w/o known CVD (q5 years prn)

≥75: insufficient evidence

high intensity statins

atorvastatin 80 mg

rosuvastatin 20 mg

significant ASCVD and >75 y/o

mod statin

significant ASCVD and <75 y/o

high statin

40-75

LDL: 70-189

ASCVD ≥ 7.5%

mod-high statin

40-75 and LDL ≥90

OR

40-75, hx DM, and LDL: 70-189

high statin

MC type of heart disease

CAD

stable ischemic heart disease (SIHD)

stable angina

chest pain worse w exertion

relieved by nitro

2 months duration

CAD

gold standard dx: cardiac cath

SIDH

GDMT:

1) asa (81 mg)

2) BB

3) nitro prn

4) mod-high statin

SIDH if still sx after GDMT

titrate BB up

consider CCB and long-acting nitrates

secondary prevention of CAD

1) ASA

2) rivaroxaban (pts who need)

3) ACEI/ARBs

4) SGLT2 or GLP1 (if DM)

dilated CM

MC type of cardiomyopathy

dilated CM

ventricles enlarged

systolic dysfx

= congestive HF

restrictive CM

stiff myocardium, chambers same size

restrictive CM

MCC: amyloidosis

restrictive CM

HF

newly dx arrhythmia

S4

restrictive CM

echo: evidence of diastolic dysfx with restricted filling

CMRI: diffuse hyperenhancement of gadolinium image

cath: dip and plateu, square root sign

hypertrophic CM

LV wall > 1.5cm thick

hypertrophic CM

auto dominant

mitral regurg

young athletes > sudden death

loud S4

bifid pulse

tako-tsulo syndrome

ST↑, deep anterior T wave inversion

echo: LV apical dyskinesia