MCBL/BIO/PLPA 123 Spring 2025 Lecture Notes

Flashcards based on lecture notes to help you prepare for the upcoming exam.

Which method is used to assess the infection microenvironment that requires tissue dissociation?

None of the above

What is a key difference between antigenic shift and drift?

Drift involves minor changes; shift involves major

Which virus is known for having a wide tropism according to the slides?

Zika virus

What is the main theme of the Red Queen Principle discussed in the lecture?

Constant evolution to maintain status

Which of the following is a focus of innate antiviral immune signaling pathways?

Innate immune response

What distinguishes immune escape from immune evasion?

Escape involves changes in viral proteins; evasion does not

What does the term 'IC50' represent in pharmacology as discussed in the lecture?

It is the half-maximal inhibitory concentration of a drug's efficacy.

What does the 'wide vs tight genetic bottleneck' concept refer to in virus transmission?

Genetic diversity of a virus post-transmission

What is pathogenesis as defined in the lecture?

The process by which an infection leads to disease

Which of the following is a stage in the pathogenic mechanism of viruses?

Implantation of virus at the portal of entry

What does ‘viremia’refer to in viral infections?

The presence of viruses in the blood

Which statement best describes acute infections?

They are short-lived and lead to rapid onset of disease symptoms.

How does primary viremia differ from secondary viremia?

Primary viremia has lower concentrations of virus compared to secondary.

According to the lecture, which organ system is commonly affected by SARS- CoV-2 viral pathogenesis?

Respiratory tract

What factor influences the evolution of virus virulence as discussed in the lecture?

Combination of pathogen, host, and environmental factors

What role do defective interfering particles play in viral infections?

They interfere with the replication of the virus.

Which type of infection increases the risk of active tuberculosis according to the lecture?

HIV-1 and Mycobacterium tuberculosis co-infection

Which of the following best describes the 'von Magnus effect' mentioned in the lecture?

It refers to the production of defective interfering particles during virus replication.

What is the definition of epidemiology according to the CDC?

The study of disease distribution and determinants among specified populations

Which term describes a disease that is typically present in a particular region or population?

Endemic

What is an 'agent' in the context of epidemiology?

A factor essential for the occurrence of a disease

Which term refers to the resistance of a group to the spread of an infectious agent?

Herd immunity

What is the 'incidence rate' in epidemiology?

The frequency of new cases of a disease in a population over a period of time

What does the 'latency period' refer to?

The time from exposure to the onset of symptoms of chronic disease

Who is termed as the Father of Epidemiology?

John Snow

What is 'seroepidemiology' primarily concerned with?

The study of serum markers to track disease patterns

What role does environmental determinants play in viral transmission?

They influence virus survival and transmission

What technique is used to analyze SARS-CoV-2's RNA in wastewater?

Sample preparation and analysis process

What is an emerging disease?

A disease that appears for the first time in a population.

Which virus is cited as an example of a re-emerging virus causing serious epidemics?

Influenza virus

What factor contributes to the emergence of new viral diseases?

All of the above

Where was Zika virus first identified?

In Zika forest, Uganda.

What is the main transmission route of the Zika virus?

Through the bite of Aedes mosquitoes.

What is the mortality rate of MERS-CoV?

Over 35%

What animal is considered the host reservoir for MERS-CoV?

Camels

How is Ebola virus primarily transmitted?

Through bodily fluids of an infected person.

Which statement about H5N1 Avian Influenza is true?

It has vaccines available for birds.

What are the primary vectors for Dengue virus transmission?

Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes

What symptom is most commonly associated with West Nile Virus?

Most infections are asymptomatic

What are the primary symptoms of Zika virus infection?

Fever, rash, joint pain

Which of the following is a feature of the polio vaccines mentioned in the lecture?

IPV is used primarily in developed countries

What is the main reason for the spread of Dengue fever?

Climate change

What complication is linked to Zika virus infection in newborns?

Microcephaly

What is a 'zoonotic' virus?

A virus that originates in vertebrate animals and can be transmitted to humans

What does the term 'sporadic' refer to in the context of infectious diseases?

Diseases that occur irregularly and infrequently

Which virus was first identified in 1937 in the West Nile district of Uganda?

West Nile Virus

What is a characteristic of diseases that are 'endemic'?

They are typically present continuously in a particular region or population

What role does human connectivity play in the spread of infectious diseases?

It facilitates the spread due to increased travel and movement

What is the function of a vaccine as described in the lecture?

To stimulate the body’s immune response against diseases

What is the main advantage of using combination therapy in antiviral treatments?

It reduces the risk of the virus developing resistance to the medications