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Scholars and ritualists
Ru
School of the Learned
Ru jia
Confucius/ 'Master Kong' lived from
551-479 BCE
Who died when Confucius was 3
his dad
How was confucius raised
by his mother in poverty
How old did Confucius mother die
at less than 40 years of age
Who did Confucius marry at 19
Lady Qiguan
Confucius kids
one son and two daughters
who held a series of modest
positions as keeper of granaries
and livestock and as district officer
in the family’s feudal domain
Confucius
Who was appointed in the local
government as minister of works
and then as minister of crime
Confucius
Why did Confucius leave his position and home
Due to conflict with a clash between local
rulers and aristocratic families
What did Confucius look for during self-exile
rulers who might be willing to accept his influence and be guided
by his vision of virtuous government but with no success
what did confucius consider himself
a transmitter of cultural values of earlier period
What period did confucius transmit cultural values of
the Xia, Shang, and Western Zhou dynasties
Key text in Confuciunism
Analects
Who composed analects
Confucius’s leading disciples
What are in the analects
Record statements by Confucius
Exchanges with students
Remarks of students
Mandate of “Heaven”, given to a person or to a dynasty to rule a country
Tianming
Key factor for awarding the mandate by Tian
Moral uprightness
When can Tianming be revoked
if the ruler is found lacking in morality
Who Tianming be transferred to
another person or family
What was tianming initially used for
initially used by Zhou Dynasty to justify the shift of power from Shang Dynasty
how did Zhou kings explain shift of power from Shang with tianming
Zhou kings contended that heaven favored their triumph
because the last Shang kings had been evil men whose policies
brought pain to the people
What impact did tianming have on East Asia'
one of East Asia's most enduring political
doctrines, stating that Worldly affairs were supposed to align with those of the heavens,
the heavens conferred legitimate power on a human ruler, The ruler was duty-bound to uphold heaven's principles of harmony and honor, The ruler was not just a political leader exercising power over both territory and people, he was also a religious figure who served as intermediary between Tian and humanity
Confucius Interpretation of Tian
Confucianism advocate this idea that divine mandate is based on
proper behavior and moral qualities of rulers. However, it is not
limited to rulers or feudal lords
Who did Confucius extended the responsibility of adhering to Tian and practice of Li to
people beyond royalty and aristocracy
How did Confucius interpret Tian
conscious divine will that will reach out to moral and noble men in society
What do virtuous people have the responsibility to do
revive the moral order or to align the worldly affairs with the heaven
How does Tian manifest itself
It is not directly articulated or revealed
It manifests itself silently in the course of seasons and in the records of human events
What can a moral person do
understand the imperative of Tian and become its messenger
What is the intermediary between Tian and humanity
not rulers but moral elites
man of virtue/ noble man (men of moral rectitude)
Junzi Confucius interpretation
descendant of feudal rulers
Junzi original meaning
What did Confucius do to the term Junzi
He endowed the term with a strictly ethical dimension, from High-born to high-minded
Do junzi have political authority
No
What task do Junzi undertake
implementing Tian’s Dao in human world
become the mouthpiece of Tian which did not speak itself.
mission of virtuous people
What should men of virtue do when rulers are incapable or unwilling to uphold this order of implementing Tian’s dao
take it upon themselves
and preserve it
the way, the total normative social-
political-ethical order
Dao
What message does Tian seeks to convey through the
spiritual elite
Dao
What are the aspects of the order to convey Dao
Proper ritual behavior in public sphere and Moral uprightness in private sphere
Two key principles for maintaining the normative human order
Ren and Li
Benevolence, humaneness, virtue, Germ of moral consciousness to form a perfect human order
Ren
obedience and service to one’s parents
being respectful to elders
carry out sacrifices to the ancestors;
not be rebellious
Filial piety
How does ren start
with filial piety
Exerting one’s utmost effort in fulfilling one’s diverse roles in
society
Dutifulness
inherent in everyone, But it needs to be developed
Moral disposition
What is ren a key factor for
maintaining harmony among human beings and relationship with Tian
sacrificial rituals of kings and nobles
Li original meaning
The specific ways that inner benevolence (ren) should be manifested in one’s behavior
Li Confucius meaning
What is li in relation to ren
Externalization of Ren
Manners, etiquette, ceremonies, customs, rules of propriety
example of Li
Rites of passage (births, weddings, funerals)
example of li
Ceremonies of honoring ancestors and gods
example of li
Using polite language, addressing others with appropriate
titles and honorifics, and avoiding offensive or disrespectful
speech
example of li
Welcoming guests with warmth and generosity,
offering them food and drink, and providing comfortable
accommodations
Hospitality
Hospitality
example of li
Observing proper etiquette during meals, such as serving
others before oneself, using chopsticks correctly, and
expressing gratitude for the food.
example of li
5 fundamental relationships
ruler and subject,
father and son,
elder brother and younger brother,
husband and wife,
friend and friend.
The prescribed mode of conduct for li is seen as what
having a magical power
What follows when social rituals are conducted in proper context with
grace and sincerity
goodwill, trust and harmony in society
Does Confucius care about the afterlife
no he focused on this world
How to spiritually evolve
through living perfectly in the world that one can spiritually
evolve
Confuciunism is
Different mode of religiousness (more philosophy than religion)
This-worldly transcendentalism
Confuciunism
Secular as sacred
Confuciunism
Humanistic religion
Confuciunism